fiskeri ( fiskrii SD NS 1: 464 ( 1405 ) . It doesnt at all mean that he is devoid of judgment altogether: far from it. **Domestication is a somewhat misleading word. During the early second millennium BC, a Semitic people living and laboring in Egypt developed a script for their own language by exploiting a single component of the Egyptian writing system. Their statements about where and when Semitic originated are based on. Obviously, the bit about the spread of Semitic languages is of prime LH interest; heres a relevant snippet: In addition to the local ancestry from Epipaleolithic/Neolithic people, we found an ancestry related to ancient Iranians that is ubiquitous today in all Middle Easterners (orange component in Figure 1B; Table 1). But I shouldnt wonder if we (they) got it from French where it seems very productive, cf boulangerie). (Corpus of the Russian Language) Mampruli yugumpiinni hedgehog has a second component which looks like it either is, or has been remodelled on, piimni arrow, which at least makes some sort of sense. electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language @Hans, Has anyone ever proposed that another known branch of IE split before Anatolian? That does not mean that Rodger C.s teacher wasnt crudely oversimplifying the matter. by contact with Austronesian among others). Is there a mechanism among bands of hunter-gatherers that would have systematically done that across a region as large as that in which even non-Bantu Niger-Congo is spoken, other than demic replacement? Just that for someone interested, a reconstruction might come easier if they had internalized two distantly related languages at an early age. I have a doctoral minor in Spanish and spent my army tour in Panama, and I know Ive seen the usage. I dont know how they do it in these latter days of Orwellian food safety. Redescription of [further taxa] is an obvious step towards discriminating between these starkly different hypotheses. The opposite idea, that Semitic originated geographically close to the other AfAs language families (so, in Africa), has been proposed a few times but not been widely accepted. In most of human history though, the draw of oceanic coasts that they have over freshwater environments has not been fishing, but seal and seabird hunting. Your Uralic data suggest that that may indeed be the case. Phonological innovations cant be used either, because very little in terms of regular sound correspondences has been worked out so far. He used words from Boas comparative Salish vocabularies. With the statement you quote there, I am in total agreement. Its not just Latin and Berber we have to play with here: the words also found in Greek (kattos/katta), Arabic (qitt), Syriac (qatt/qattu), not to mention Nubian, Celtic, and Germanic Plenty of space for specialists in each family to decide its origin is someone elses problem. The Hieroglyphic Luwian sign tracked *h amazingly closely for the first few centuries.). This is a bigger impediment to my AA ideas than I had recognized. 195 0 obj <>stream And yes, it marks me wrong unless I keep the peces swim, pescado is food distinction straight. Taking this universal applicability as given, presumably either intergenerational language transmission works much like genetics (plainly false) or the relevant mathematical techniques are not dependent on exactly how this transmission works. In a sense they did: they all spent centuries swapping words, calques, and constructions with each other. Its interesting to see that the Omotic groups do indeed show an average of maybe 25% Egyptian affinity, versus 50% for both Cushitic and Semitic-speaking groups and a small slice of pie in Nilo-Saharan speakers. Not one has as yet been discarded by the profession as a whole. Let the software count which phylogenetic hypothesis accounts for all the contradictory data in the most parsimonious way. However, the Plains Indian model is incomplete, its evolution was forcibly interrupted by the US Government, so we dont know what would have been the end result. Thanks really goes to Dmitry. So it all makes sense . Gender systems that are familiar from Indo-European and, Miceli, Mazzucchi, Menn, and Goodglass (1983), further proposes that, in contrast with many Indo-European languages, only inflectional substitution can be resorted to in, Lukatela, Gligorijevic, Kostic, & Turvey, 1980, ASIA, WEST | Archaeology of the Near East: The Levant, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, With respect to the relatively greater weight or importance attributed to some traits than to others for defining linguistic areas, the borrowed word-order patterns in the Ethiopian linguistic area provide an instructive example. As for Nilo-Saharan, earlier this month I managed to present something making the case for Songhay and Saharan being related and even Saharan by itself is an old enough family that you can barely discern the traces of a common personal pronoun system. One domain in which linguists invoke a particularly abstract level of representation is Semitic word formation. Maybe this is some Potou-Akanic-internal process that Stewart felt could be projected back to Proto-Volta-Congo (if so, again illustrating the problem with his general thesis.). How likely are two neighbouring families to be closely related? 2. Why go riskily digging your biomass from the deep ocean if it comes to the coasts by itself already? Then theres an interesting idea I once saw somewhere on academia.edu, that Proto-Semitic was spoken in the Rub al-Khali before it dried out, and East Semitic spread north while West Semitic spread in a semicircle along the coast of Arabia Additional grammatical meanings can be added through prefixes and suffixes. If I understand, that seems like a position youve moved beyond? Its earliest form was derived from Canaanitic and was very similar to the neighboring Phoenician language. SD 5: 699 (1347, gammal afskr.). Is it important that they ignore Old South Arabian completely (Im guessing because there isnt enough data about vowels to be useful in this kind of thing)? Like many have answered before, its a semitic language. If you are interested in linguistics, you should check a book of language families in your This paper shows how much is yet to be studied. * Are Kehf and Kelif cognates, or different terms that both happen to be applied to this site, because these arent typos each term is used in different but formal and presumably accurate places. It seems to me that the linguistic argument from diversity has always been that AA developed in the areas of diversity, and thats what I dont see supported by other lines of evidence. The opposite idea, that Semitic originated geographically close to the other AfAs language families (so, in Africa), has been proposed a few times but not been widely accepted. I have strong opinions and sometimes express myself more sharply than an ideal interlocutor might, but I try to avoid personal attacks, and I hope you will do the same. (Almost all of the southern aspirating area has undergone the High German Consonant Shift, i.e. Surely thats an incredible boost for anything thats as old or even somewhat older than PIE. the methodology of the paper itself is valueless (after all, its the same as the process that proved that Indo-European originated in Anatolia nine thousand years ago). i think that the size of fish of a given species varies with the size of the body of water. Russian Word of the Day From what we know of hunter-gatherer society, I would be completely unphased if today, we saw a patchwork of surviving languages A1147 and A1254; B2121 and B2131, C3454, C9720, no D, but E5157 and E5159. Bonny Sands (2009) finds the proposal by Sav and Tosco (2003) the most convincing: namely that Ongota is an East Cushitic language with a. Beja, sometimes listed as a separate branch of Afroasiatic, is more often included in the Cushitic branch, which has a substantial degree of internal diversity. The Geez and Ugaritic dates match, as does that of the misattributed Aramaic. Dimmendaal (who splits Niger-Congo) is even less fairly to be characterised as a person with no interest in comparative work, if anything. From which it follows that the Germanic languages originated in the North Sea. That looks pretty plausible; and in that case you would presumably expect to see the phenomenon fairly widely across different language families. In addition to languages spoken today, Afroasiatic includes several important ancient languages, such as Ancient Egyptian, which forms a distinct branch of the family, and within the Semitic family, Akkadian, Biblical Hebrew and Old Aramaic. Actually, jargon and tabu replacement are related phenomena. So there you are. And Bayesian inference is actually less susceptible to long-branch attraction the expected effect of the loss of data in the divergent vocabulary of the more recent stages of English than the others. Verb Conjugator If not, how do those relevantly differ from language? I apologise to his win. The only etymology I found is from a root *pen meaning wet, mud. first century AD, and late enough to be influenced by the Greek alphabet) and, through the particular Aramaic script used by the Arab Nabateans, to the Arabic writing system (ca. , Languages with just a masculine/feminine grammatical gender system can alter the gender of an item to indicate things like size. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Commented-On Language Hat Posts (courtesy of J.C.; contains useful Random Link feature). They were actually quite lazy in only using presence/absence of cognate lexemes as data. The word Bantu means "the people" and is made up of the stem -ntu ( "person" ) and the plural prefix ba -. Biology also benefits from the existence of ribosomal RNA genes, which have a number of properties that have made sequencing them an extremely powerful tool for developing trees. Gbeya is, in fact, undoubtedly related to Kusaal, but these are just a testimony to the amazing power of pure coincidence (like Persian bad bad.). LBG (Lexikon zur byzantinischen Grzitt = Lexicon of Byzantine Greek) Bodomos classification has little to recommend it (Nabit is unequivocally closer to Kusaal than to Nankare/Farefare, for example, and his Central Mabia is actually the least problematic part of his revisionist classification) but placing Buli-Konni as part of his Central Mabia (basically WOV) is at least an improvement over the pretty diagram above it. What claims can we make about history when we put into the program DNA from a hunter-gatherer from Mota from ~2500BC, from modern Dinka and from Middle Eastern chalcolithic and the program says: P value is such and such? He is objecting to the claim that regardless of quality of lexical evidence, in absence of grammatical reconstruction we cant establish a relationship. Related Semitic language and texts at Mari elaborate the rival's control of the middle Euphrates and contiguous steppe. *Compare the famous (from A Pub Opened on Deribasovskays [street]): and he spoke as poets speak: That looks reasonable enough at first and second glance, but in the last few years evidence has been found that [h] is more likely. %%EOF Basically Blench should have been around fifty-plus years ago, when his admirable empiricism might have headed off some of the Greenbergian hyperlumpery at the pass. Moodie and Billingtons grammar also cites examples where a usually-feminine noun is made masculine to stress not that the referent is small but that there arent very many of them, and if men are drinking tea, they may make the tea glass masculine, whereas women make it feminine. Using morphology, phonology, syntax, anything is just as easy. Thats a bit misleading; the *i is there, as expected, only in the so-called primary stems, while the *r is there in both the secondary and primary stems. In practice I dont think thats really Rogers style. It therefore splits off the following groups as small families: South Omotic, Mao, Dizoid, GongaGimojan (North Omotic apart from the preceding), Ongota, Kujarge. S4: a tree based on what they call multistate representation of data. A ukud abak fished in the saltwater sea, while a ukud a dugak fished in rivers and lakes. And the most elaborate modern attempt at reconstruction for a part of Oti-Volta is Coffi Sambinis Le Proto-Oti-Volta-Oriental, which is much the most substantial thing in that field since Gabriel Manessy did his pioneering stuff way back in the 1970s before he got bored and went off to be a creolist. But I think Blench imagines it more or less this way: the least recent own ancestor of Semitic is in Africa Has anyone ever proposed that another known branch of IE split before Anatolian? Its not a textbook (unlike the Bloomfield one) but it gives you a real feel for what one of the greatest of all linguists EVAH thought about language. Probably. ib NS 1: 137 ( 1402 ), 138, 327 ( 1404 ), 464 ( 1405 ), 2: 309 ( 1410 ). There were a few decades in the early and again the mid-late 20th century when either no branch at all was supposed to have split off first (just a perfect starburst), or Anatolian was supposed to be closer to western branches like Italic (implying a more symmetric tree). - A similar thing has happened with the loanword pysgodyn fish, though that one seems also to have involved some creative reanalysis of Latin piscatus as a Welsh plural form. Each of these branches is instead now regarded as an independent subgroup of the larger Afroasiatic family. Ah, cripe! ziehen < PG *teuha- has no well-known ModE cognate, (Verners law applies: ziehen, zog, gezogen; the Bavarian dialects have even generalized the |g|.). Her exact location depend on your sample or when you have sampled all people, it depends on the moment when you ask about her location. He implies that the onus is on splitters to show that Mande, Dogon etc are not related to Volta-Congo; that would be a reasonable thing to do if there had ever been any good evidence that they were related, but there really hasnt. Studies [] have revealed deep and substantive similarities with amniotes in the braincase ([2 papers by some of the other authors]). Why isnt that true across west Africa or areas of Nilo-Saharan languages? In both cases there are numerous sg/pl affix pairings which can be securely reconstructed to the respecting protolanguages: but the striking thing when you look at them without any preconceptions is that the great majority dont match. For Western Oti-Volta, the idea of substrata would make a lot of sense on first principles; it seems very likely that the current geographical range of these languages is a development of the last few centuries. The proposal is that this resulted from a westward migration of pastoralist Cushitic speakers. A Bad Guide Yes: I think he was actually the first to point out that Bangime is not only not Dogon, but probably not provably related to anything. And no outflow in the relevant time periods. Many of the templates themselves bear consistent meaning of the sort associated with inflectional morphology in English (e.g. Compare already the English examples: e.g. (As it happens, some Oti-Volta languages are currently doing the opposite, developing class prefixes from articles as the original suffixes are eroded by phonological changes, so such things are not impossible in principle. Blench is always worth reading, though I priggishly disapprove of his overenthusiasm for top-level lumping. Umm el-Marra, Syria. Sapirs Language is even olderer, but more fun. You can always map that onto a tree later. Under this approach, the Macro-Sudan belt is genealogically highly heterogeneous. without analysing any arguments in detail. - The authors do not seem to address the dispersity of the AA populations, but assert that in more recent times much of the Sahara was occupied by Nilotic people. In fact, if the two groups did live together, why didnt the Proto-Berbers respond in the same way to changing climate and migrate east as well? This is plausible enough with many of the Kwa languages, but already runs in trouble with Atlantic, where the classes certainly are typologically very like Bantu classes but the actual form-meaning correspondences are only discernible by wishful thinking with the exception of the human and liquid classes. Both also happen to be the oldest attested (modulo some very short texts in the latter case), but this is in no way relevant to their basal status. Its not as crude as early lexicostatistics. For tongue the modern Hebrew word has the same (i.e. Again, Im incompetent to assess that idea. do assume appropriate dates for the anciently-attested languages (Akkadian=2800 YBP, Biblical Aramaic=1800 YBP, Geez=1700 YBP, ancient Hebrew=2600 YBP and Ugaritic=3400 YBP; Rabin 1975, p. 2705). As for Nilo-Saharan, earlier this month I managed to present something making the case for Songhay and Saharan being related, Is it available anywhere? Horses are not much in evidence in West Africa, on the whole. First, it may help some to know that DM is quoting the Blench article, not a post somewhere above. And also this, from Paul Newman, who I have to say knowns what hes talking about when it comes to comparative linguistics: As anyone who has ever attempted to establish regular correspondences knows, it is not an easy task even when one is dealing with a moderately shallow time depth (lets say 5000 years [as it is commonly estimated to be in the case of Indo-European; J.M.S.]). I have a poor knowledge of Korean, and I would be interested if someone who knows more could enlighten me on this point. There is a Kusaal verb zug blow bellows, but that doesnt look like a plausible root for hedgehog either to me. TITUS: Thesaurus Indogermanischer Text- und Sprachmaterialien Especially in women:(. Porc-epic and porcupine with an obscure second part were before his eyes. My name is Steve Dodson; Im a retired copyeditor currently living in western Massachusetts after many years in New York City. But I do not know if it is possible to trace its history. Slavic can outcompete many langugauges in productivity of singulatives, but one common way to do that is using all-purpose nominal suffix -ik/-ok/-ka. I only see where he proposes a proto-Nubian form (**kegi-di, with a variant *kedi-di) and a proto-Nara form (*kd-t). Ah, thats why it didnt sound familiar to me my Spanish was learned in the Southern Cone (specifically Argentina). My theory is that Blench has spent too much time on fieldwork in areas without internet access to be fully up to speed with developments in website design over the past couple of decades . (Id actually never looked up Jordanes original, and did not realise that he expressed the concept in two ways, one of which is unaccountably cited less often. In his font the characters are slightly distinct, but I dont know enough to tell which Unicode symbol, if any, is appropriate here. I thought this, by Blench, was extremely well written. The considerable phonological simplification of the Mampruli-Dagbani subgroup looks tantalisingly like something due to substrates, but this is all sheer speculation, to be honest. Reading Berezkins book on African folklore (in Russian) Ive got a strange vibe that Africa just isnt as old or as culturally distant as it should be. What Y said. Who would guess that (as)se(oir) is cognate to sit? But I am far from insisting that he coined it in the sense of swinoid [confused by Hystrix, porc-epic, Schweinigel, Stachelschwein, porcupine]. Barry Guy He also suggests a relation to Proto-West Germanic *-astrij. So if I strip off a few layers of irony, it will be just they same. and there is evidence for pastoralism at Nabta Playa (southern Egypt) by around 7500 BC. In (post-) Roman Britain one would find the same two possibilities as to the chronology/motivation of the borrowing (In imperial times, as the borrowed word designating an imported food item, or in post-imperial times, as a Romance substrate word). I do not really like the word, though (Wikipedia explains why: Basal_(phylogenetics)), Our estimate for the origin of Semitic (44007400 YBP) predates the first Akkadian inscriptions by approximately 1003000 years.. Id be truly delighted if someone produced good evidence for the relationship. This may be due to first encountering the mistaken version, the same way KAOS from Get Smart left me confused for year about the correct spelling of chaos.. It occurs to me that in purely practical terms, it often doesnt seem to make a lot of difference whether comparativists are lumpers or splitters. Wikipedia:Reference desk/Language The second part of this sentence should be enough for a joint paper does he insist that much on making the first part explicit? However, it did not come into general use until Joseph Greenberg (1950) formally proposed its adoption. The argument is based on diversity. Temperature is still going to be an important issue, even for the cold blooded. Harold Fleming (2006) proposes that Ongota constitutes a separate branch of Afroasiatic. Since, however, the languages in question are spoken in a virtually continuous belt from the Atlantic Ocean to the Persian Gulf, to single out the Red Sea region in this way is a bit too narrowly focussed. I do recognize your point about the isolates being more prevalent as a challenge to my ideas. Ah. All I can find is to throw, e.g., Hebrew . The extinct Meroitic language has been proposed (Bruce Trigger, 1964, 1977) as an unclassified Afroasiatic language, because it shares the phonotactics characteristic of the family, but there is not enough evidence to secure a classification (Fritz Hintze, 1974). Or maybe I thought about Omotic, It would probably give rise to all kind of unfortunate implications, to begin with, In Russian it is everything that fire adds to the air that is not smoke (but possibly including smoke). An alternative analysis is simply to say that people who speak these languages know the words katab, kutib, maktab, etc. Chung et al.s paper on the dating of IE is a good combination of the two. It would be an unusual sort of change, I reckon. Theres an anti-Altaic paper Ive seen by was it Georg which points out that you could find in some half a dozen IE languages evidence for a genitive ending *-u, but all of them are known to continue different PIE endings thru various syntactic and sound changes (say Old Norse fem.gen.sg. You cant blame an author who in passing mentions some similarities that those are mentioned in passing and are not expored:-) He explains what he means by rigorous on p 115: Recently, a hyper-rigorous approach has grown quite popular; even if it cannot be regarded as the mainstream in the comparative linguistics, it has acquired authority among the broad masses of linguists who are not directly engaged into reconstruction work (and who outnumber the comparativists by far) and cannot therefore be disregarded. And the separate question of whether these forms go with the vos or t pronoun. These all derived from the same earlier The Flaxen Wave As an ideophone for cringing its perfect. im interested in whether any of these languages make categorical/terminological distinctions between saltwater fish and freshwater fish, I think I can confidently say that this is not an issue for Oti-Volta languages . In other words, the noun classes do not function, diachronically, like the Indo-European declensions; they form dynamic, shifting relationships with one another which have nothing to do with historical phonological changes. Soc.) This population potentially introduced the Y chromosome haplogroup J1 into the region (Chiaroni et al., 2010; Lazaridis et al., 2016). Many of the modernist papers do not really have much to say about the purpose of classification, except where they continue and link it to dates, geography or human genetics. And yes, I wanted to note that academia is worse. Ruhlen-level stuff. The Bantu language family. This whole talk of prove, certainty or established is a bit misleading. Good is a pretty obvious candidate for that. ), However, I do sometimes have a feeling that ones position on the lumper-splitter continuum may have more to do with Myers-Briggs types than the rigorous intellectual analysis one likes to ascribe to oneself , he always reacts by saying that all this shows is that Mande (or Dogon) was a very early branch, split off before those features had actually developed. [After all, the list was drawn up to work for European languages, so it ought not to give bizarre results for English.]. In some regions of the world, such as Australia and the Amazon, there are lexical items found in unrelated language families which retain a common phonological shape. However, if borrowed SOV word order is counted as a single diffused areal trait, it may be argued that it should rank high in significance for defining the linguistic area, since it is much more difficult for a language to change so much of its basic structure under areal influence than it is to acquire less complex traits. This would have required access to a different root, that is, the root /v/, which is used in the formation of the singular forms of the present tense of the verb. Avva (Russian) 67-82, 1982. Efforts have been made in the past to explain the suffix/prefix difference as due to Gur having reinforced its nouns with following articles and then having lost its original prefixes. Basal lineages in many cases really havent changed all that much in eons. I wish Id watched the game, but after suffering through CRO-BRA and ARG-NED yesterday (the latter almost killed me Viva la albiceleste! The most striking case is Altaic, where one group of scholars produces thousands of reconstructed forms, and another denies that the major branches are even related. Roger, on the other hand, seems to think Nilo-Saharan is not only real but obviously real, in which case the observed similarities would be evidence for subgrouping. The issue has several other articles of interest. As regards his convincing interpretation of unknown words: there is no independent check on whether his interpretation is correct, and he will in any case have selected his etyma precisely in order to end up with a convincing interpretation. The only grocery stores I have shopped at that stocked rabbit have always had it in a small special section, alongside other exotic meats. Figure 6. Roger D. Woodard, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015. Mehri ayd, Jibbali ud, od, Socotri odh fish, beside Hebrew yid a hunt, hunting and Syriac ayd hunting, hunt, prey, quarry) is similar to this, too. Ramage Large freshwater fish: the Chinese paddlefish in the Yangtze, now extinct, often weighed 500 pound and the champion fish may have weighed more than a ton. (I must say that the fact that such papers have nevertheless been published in prestigious journals is itself a cause for concern. Of course, the only reason I actually know any of this is that Ive looked at more than word lists. There is little in the way of plausible lexical matches (but there are some: its a bit like the situation with Uralic and Indo-European. Sino-Tibetan, or Trans-Himalayan to avoid the implication that Sinitic vs. Tibeto-Burman is the basal split. DE: Oh, sure. In short, do science. almost impossible to establish recurrent and regular phonological correspondences.
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