Also note that diacritical marks may be different, depending on the method of transliteration used. While the Ministry of Interior oversees the accreditation process for most associations, the president of a local assembly approves applications for communal associations. An Defla split from Chlef; An Tmouchent split from Sidi Bel Abbs; Bordj Bou Arrridj split from Stif; The law does not extend antidiscrimination protections to LGBTI persons based on of sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, or sex characteristics. The law does not adequately cover migrant workers employed primarily in construction and as domestic workers. Note: in the 1998 census data, the sum of the province populations is 2 less than the reported total for Algeria. note: data are in current year dollars$42.347 billion (2020 est.) The law requires that a minimum level of essential public services must be maintained during public-sector service strikes, and the government has broad legal authority to requisition public employees. Appeals may be made to the ministry, with no independent or judicial review provided for in the decree. In nonfelony cases and in cases of individuals held on charges of terrorism and other subversive activities that exceed a 12-day period plus any authorized extension, the law calls for the release of suspects on provisional liberty, referred to as judicial control, while awaiting trial. )6% of GDP (2019) (approximately $19.2 billion)5.5% of GDP (2018) (approximately $17.9 billion)5.9% of GDP (2017) (approximately $18.8 billion), approximately 140,000 ANP personnel (120,000 Army; 6,000 Navy; 14,000 Air Force); approximately 130,000 National Gendarmerie; approximately 200,000 General Directorate of National Security (2022), the ANP's inventory includes mostly Russian-sourced equipment; since 2010, Algeria has received arms from a variety of countries, with Russia as the leading supplier (2022), 18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service for men and women; 19-30 years of age for compulsory service for men (all Algerian men must register at age 17); conscript service obligation reduced from 18 to 12 months in 2014 (2022)note: as of 2020, conscripts comprised an estimated 70% of the military, the ANP has played a large role in the countrys politics since independence in 1962, including coups in 1965 and 1991; it was a key backer of BOUTEFLIKAs election in 1999 and remained a center of power during his 20-year rule; the military was instrumental in BOUTEFLIKAs resignation in 2019 when it withdrew support and called for him to be removed from office the ANP traditionally has focused on internal stability and on Morocco where relations as of 2022 remained tense over Western Sahara and Algerian accusations that Morocco supports the Movement for the Autonomy of Kabylie (MAK), a separatist group in Algerias Kabylie region; however, following the Arab Spring events of 2011 and a series of cross-border terrorist attacks emanating from Mali in 2012-2013, particularly the 2013 attack on a commercial gas plant by al-Qaida-linked terrorists that resulted in the deaths of 35 hostages and 29 jihadists, it has made a concerted effort to beef up security along its other borders and promote regional security cooperation; since 2013, additional Army and paramilitary forces were deployed to the borders with Tunisia, Libya, Niger, and Mali to interdict and deter cross-border attacks by Islamic militant groups; in addition, Algeria has provided security assistance to some neighboring countries, particularly Tunisia, and conducted joint military/counter-terrorism operations (2022), al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM); Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) Algeria; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun)note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T, Algeria-Morocco: the Algerian-Moroccan land border remains closed; Algeria's border with Morocco remains an irritant to bilateral relations, each nation accusing the other of harboring militants and arms smuggling; the National Liberation Front's (FLN) assertions of a claim to Chirac Pastures in southeastern Morocco remain a dormant disputeAlgeria-Libya: dormant dispute includes Libyan claims of about 32,000 sq km still reflected on its maps of southeastern AlgeriaAlgeria-Mali: none identifiedAlgeria-Mauritania: none identifiedAlgeria-Niger: none identifiedAlgeria-Tunisia: none identified, refugees (country of origin): more than 100,000 (Sahrawi, mostly living in Algerian-sponsored camps in the southwestern Algerian town of Tindouf); 7,345 (Syria) (mid-year 2022). Police may make arrests without a warrant if they witness the offense. Algeria has known many empires and dynasties starting with the ancient Numidians (3rd century B.C. Most major opposition parties lost seats in the elections, and several parties claimed the results were significantly altered by fraud. After 134, the departments united the civil and military territories, strengthening the The Information and Documentation Center on the Rights of Children and Women, a network of local organizations that promoted the rights of women, managed call centers in 15 provinces. Some of those arrested, reported being brutalized. On September 8, several leaders were prevented from marching in Constantine. Many trade unions remained unrecognized by the government; they identified delayed processing and administrative hurdles imposed by the government as the primary obstacles to establishing legal status. Thousands of Algerian peasants - mainly Berber men from the Kabylia region - faced with land dispossession and economic hardship under French rule migrated temporarily to France to work in manufacturing and mining during the first half of the 20th century. alterations - were consolidated into a unit called Territoires du Sud. Authorities arrested Fekhar in 2015 and held him for 22 months without a trial. )from consumed natural gas: 93.414 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, and other NGOs criticized the governments use of the law to restrict peaceful assembly. The Ministry of Justice did not provide information on the percentage of defamation claims that originated from private citizens, as opposed to government officials. Several opposition political parties claimed voter turnout figures were inflated and that the results were fraudulent. )1.95% (2019 est.). Refoulement: The government provided some protection against the expulsion or return of refugees to countries where their lives or freedom would be threatened because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. transferred from Sada to Oran. 1957-08-07: Territoires du Sud (formerly department no. Additionally, the law prescribes up to 20-year imprisonment for the accused, depending on the severity of injuries. The Ministry of National Solidarity, Family, and the Status of Women provided some financial support to health-care-oriented NGOs, but for many NGOs, such financial support represented a small fraction of their budgets. The law prohibits parties based on religion, ethnicity, gender, language, or region, but there were various political parties commonly known to be Islamist, notably members of the Green Alliance. The government maintained two regional womens shelters and was building three additional shelters. )refined petroleum consumption: 450,500 bbl/day (2019 est. During much Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom from: a. After the most recent Since then, it has re-organized twice. Oxford University Press, New York, 1951. After Frances defeat in the Franco-German War, settlers felt they could finally gain more land. Although ANEP said in September that it represented only 19 percent of the total advertising market, nongovernmental sources assessed the majority of daily newspapers depended on ANEP-authorized advertising to finance their operations. The government issued licenses and subsidies to domestic associations, especially youth, medical, and neighborhood associations. A longtime FLN member, TEBBOUNE ran for president as an independent. )solar: 0.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est. At the end of March, the distributor received a notification from the Ministry of Communication to stop importingJeune Afriqueand other titles published by Jeune Afrique Media Group (The Africa ReportandLa Revue). The military territory was divided into three The law limits the grounds for pretrial detention and stipulates that before it can be imposed, a judge must assess the gravity of a crime and whether the accused is a threat to society or a flight risk. Most detainees had prompt access to a lawyer of their choice as accorded by law, and the government provided legal counsel to indigent detainees. There were no significant reports regarding prison or detention center conditions that raised human rights concerns. The law states that decisions reached in mediation are binding on both parties. Receive small business resources and advice about entrepreneurial info, home based business, The Ministry of Labor audited 218 organizations and found that 89 companies did not respect the 1-percent quota. The government said it did not take measures to specifically prevent and treat HIV/AIDS in the LGBTI community. The Algerian Red Crescent, which is subordinate to the Ministry of Solidarity, maintained welcome facilities that provided food and shelter for those Syrians without means to support themselves. Otherwise, the judicial police appoint a doctor. NGOs reported that employers refused jobs to LGBTI persons, particularly men perceived as effeminate. )1% (2019 est. )-$16.954 billion (2019 est.). Status of Government Respect for Religious Their names were Alger (English: Algiers), )10.51% (2019 est. Algeria, the second-largest state in Africa, has a Mediterranean coastline of about 998 kilometers (620 mi.). Religious workers reported that they had access to prisoners during the year and authorities allowed detainees access to religious observance. Academics and activists said that sub-Saharan African migrants sometimes faced discrimination and that there were tensions in some communities between the native and migrant populations. Jeune Afriqueonline remained available. )other: 81.8% (2018 est. Presidential term limits, which were eliminated in 2008, were reintroduced in a 2016 revision of the constitution and limit the president to two five-year terms. Activists reported that some postings on social media could result in arrest and questioning; observers widely understood that the intelligence services closely monitored the activities of political and human rights activists on social media sites, including Facebook. Early and Forced Marriage: The legal minimum age of marriage is 19 for both men and women, but minors may marry with parental consent, regardless of gender. If authorities need more than 48 hours to gather additional evidence, they may extend a suspects authorized time in police detention with the prosecutors authorization in the following cases: if charges pertain to an attack on data processing systems, they may extend the time in detention once; if charges relate to state security, they may do so twice; for charges concerning drug trafficking, organized and transnational crime, money laundering, and other currency-related crimes, they may do so three times; and for charges related to terrorism and other subversive activities, they may do so five times for a maximum of 12 days. For a second year, the government blocked access to social media sites, including Facebook and Twitter, for several days during nationwide high school exams. According to the ministry, organizations receive a receipt after submitting their application for accreditation, and after the time periods listed above, this slip is legally sufficient for them to begin operating, to open a bank account, and to rent office or event space. 03 / Select Countries You can add more than one country or area. 1900: According to Jean-Jacques Sudre, in 1900, mentioning only "clearly definable entities", Algeria was divided ), 2.902 million ALGIERS (capital), 936,000 Oran (2022), at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female25-54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female55-64 years: 1 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2022 est. ), Algerian dinars (DZD) per US dollar -135.064 (2021 est. It reported the discovery of four minorsdown from 12 the year before. U.S. imports from Algeria grew from $4.7 billion in 2002 to $10.8 billion in 2005, primarily in oil and liquefied natural gas (LNG). )other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. The DGSNs human rights office, created in July 2017, reported that it was leading seminars and workshops with the National Human Rights Council to provide additional human rights training to its officers. organized as annexes. )$71.796 billion (31 December 2019 est. UNHCR, the World Food Program (WFP), UNICEF, the Algerian Red Crescent, the Sahrawi Red Crescent, and other organizations assisted Sahrawi refugees. The International Trade Union Confederation reported that judicial persecution of trade union leaders had intensified. ), 18.52 births/1,000 population (2022 est. Some terrorist groups remained active in the country, including al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and an ISIS affiliate, Jund al-Khilafah. names. UNHCR registered more than 10,000 Syrians, but fewer than 7,000 remained registered with UNHCR as of September. Defamation is not a crime but carries a fine ranging from 100,000 Algerian dinars (DZD) to DZD 500,000 ($850 to $4,252). civil territories grew at the expense of the military territories. The constitution provides citizens the ability to choose their government in free and fair periodic elections held by secret ballot and based on universal and equal suffrage. )note: data are in 2017 dollars, 7.23% (2021 est. Constantine, and Oran, after their capitals. ), household consumption: 42.7% (2017 est. He declared, with considerable accuracy, that Algeria was not a French province but an Arab country, a European colony, and a French camp. This attitude aroused certain hopes among Algerians, but they were destroyed by the emperors downfall in 1870. Press outlets report taking extra caution before publishing articles critical of the government or government officials for fear of losing revenue from ANEP. Algeria's primary political party, the National Liberation Front (FLN), was established in 1954 as part of the struggle for independence and has since largely dominated politics, though it is falling out of favor with the youth. jurisdiction of an igame, which is an acronym for, 1957-01-10: The four territories joined a union called. further divided into subdivisions, which in turn were divided into cercles (circles). Police arrested protesters throughout the year for violating the law against unregistered public gatherings. Tamanrasset Algerian state of Arab, its capital is the city of Tamanrasset, occupies the first place among the states of Algeria in Opposition party leaders complained that the government did not provide timely authorizations to hold rallies or party congresses. Security forces routinely detained individuals who participated in unauthorized protests. The person must submit an application for compensation within six months of the dismissal or acquittal. )biomass and waste: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. According to UNHCR, the government did not accept UNHCR-determined refugee status for individuals. Opposition parties from across the political spectrum criticized the new law for creating a more complex process for qualifying for the ballot, as well as for establishing an electoral monitoring body whose members would be appointed by the president and parliament, which is controlled by a coalition headed by the presidents party. In 2016 the government established an anticybercrime agency charged with coordinating anticybercrime efforts and engaging in preventive surveillance of electronic communications in the interests of national security. New FIPS translate the Arabic "baladiyah," but they're essentially the same thing.). The law prohibits Muslim women from marrying non-Muslims, although authorities did not always enforce this provision. The law does not differentiate between girls and boys in registration of birth. Global AIDS Coordinator and Global Health Diplomacy, Special Presidential Envoy for Hostage Affairs, Special Representative for Syria Engagement, U.S. Security Coordinator for Israel and the Palestinian Authority, Office of the U.S. The government may restrict strikes on a number of grounds, including economic crisis, obstruction of public services, or the possibility of subversive actions. provinces, with external capitals Alger, Constantine, and Oran. )$11,600 (2019 est. The Ministry of National Solidarity, Family, and Women leads a national committee composed of 12 ministries and NGOs that meets yearly to discuss child labor issues. The Ministry of Interior is responsible for organizing the election and voting processes. departments and one territory. As a result, officials suspended six individuals. The NGOs reported harassment and threats of imprisonment by government authorities. Intelligence activities fall under three intelligence directorates reporting to a presidential national security counselor and performing functions related specifically to internal, external, and technical security. WebDeputy Secretaries of State. The new ), China 18%, France 14%, Italy 8%, Spain 8%, Germany 5%, Turkey 5% (2019), refined petroleum, wheat, packaged medical supplies, milk, vehicle parts (2019), $56.211 billion (31 December 2021 est. While this legal mechanism exists, the high demand for employment in the country gave an advantage to employers seeking to exploit employees. LGBTI activists reported that the vague wording of laws criminalizing homosexual acts and acts against nature permitted sweeping accusations that resulted in multiple arrests for consensual same-sex sexual relations, but no known prosecutions during the year. Algeria is divided into 48 wilayat (provinces; sing. The subdivisions were to the They also report that owners of public gathering spaces have been told not to rent their locations to certain NGOs. The law criminalizing speech about security force conduct during the internal conflict of the 1990s remained in place, although the government said there had never been an arrest or prosecution under the law. )imports: 85,000 metric tons (2020 est. Note: total area has changed since The law grants the government wide-ranging oversight of and influence in the day-to-day activities of civil society organizations. Illegal migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly Malians, Nigeriens, and Gambians, continue to come to Algeria in search of work or to use it as a stepping stone to Libya and Europe. Algeria is the United States' 3rd-largest market in the Middle East/North African region. [6] The Statesman's Year-Book 1981-82. )$38.551 billion (2019 est. The constitution provides for the right of peaceful assembly, but the government continued to curtail this right. Christians reside mostly in Algiers and the Provinces of Kabylie, Bejaia, Tizi Ouzou, Annaba, Ouargla, and Oran. Coordinator for the Arctic Region; The committee was empowered to propose measures and laws to address child labor as well as conduct awareness campaigns. The law prohibits discrimination by employers against union members and organizers and provides mechanisms for resolving trade union complaints of antiunion practices by employers. the ANP has played a large role in the countrys politics since independence in 1962, including coups in 1965 and 1991; it was a key backer of BOUTEFLIKAs election in The parliament approved their creation about 2003. In most cases, the NGOs continued to hold their meetings and police came to the hotels to end the gatherings. For the year the Ministry for National Solidarity, Family, and Women, reported that there were 1,127 logged cases of violence against women. )spirits: 0.08 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. ), fossil fuels: 98.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est. A separate law provides for up to three years imprisonment for publications that may harm the national interest or up to one year for defaming or insulting the president, parliament, army, or state institutions. The boundaries of subdivisions have changed, although the names may have stayed the same. departments of France. )industry: 39.3% (2017 est. The government restricted licenses to political parties, NGOs, and other groups to hold indoor rallies or delayed permission until the eve of the event, thereby impeding publicity and outreach efforts by organizers. In September 2017 Algerian National Front party leader Moussa Touati stated that his party paid bribes in order to secure its single seat in parliament. The government provided a subsidy for divorced women whose former husbands failed to make child support payments. wilaya). Freedom of Expression: While public debate and criticism of the government were widespread, journalists and activists believed they were limited in their ability to criticize the government publicly on topics crossing unwritten red lines. Authorities arrested and detained citizens for expressing views deemed damaging to state officials and institutions, and citizens practiced self-restraint in expressing public criticism. Police typically dispersed protesters shortly after a protest began and arrested and detained organizers for a few hours. There were no known reports of workers dismissed for removing themselves from hazardous working conditions. )12.55% (2020 est. )services: 47.4% (2017 est. The law additionally prohibits local periodicals from receiving direct or indirect material support from foreign sources. By law, children born to a Muslim father are Muslim, regardless of the mothers religion. The DGAPR separates vulnerable persons but provides no consideration for sexual orientation. The president has the constitutional authority to appoint and dismiss cabinet members and the prime minister, who is the head of government. The government occasionally offered to mediate disputes. The law states that members of local, provincial, and national assemblies are elected for five-year terms and that presidential elections occur within 30 days prior to the expiration of the presidential term. There were no reports that the government granted refugee status and asylum to new refugee applicants during the year. The law provides for sentences of one to 20 years imprisonment for domestic violence and six months to two years incarceration for men who withhold property or financial resources from their spouses. Nongovernmental observers believed pretrial detainees comprised a significant portion of the total detainee and prisoner population but did not have specific statistics. Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association, d. Freedom of Movement, Internally Displaced Persons, Protection of Refugees, and Stateless Persons, Section 3. Algeria has not increased non-hydrocarbon exports, and hydrocarbon exports have declined because of field depletion and increased domestic demand. which in turn were subdivided into communes. Several human rights NGOs condemned his arrest as an example of harassment and threats to pressure journalists. If workers face such conditions, they may renegotiate their contract or, failing that, resort to the courts. islands in the harbor (now connected to the mainland by jetties). After making a determination, the ministry notifies the customs service of the decision to allow or ban the importation of the publication. The law prohibits discrimination with respect to employment, salary, and work environment based on age, gender, social and marital status, family links, political conviction, disability, national origin and affiliation with a union. The government said that a drop in aid from international donors led to worsening conditions for Sahrawi refugees, and that it had increased its own contributions as a result. Chitour has been detained in El Harrach prison since then without trial and faces life imprisonment if convicted. These observers, among others, pointed to the law as a significant source of arbitrary arrests intended to suppress political activism. WebAccording to a 2018 report by the IOM, Algeria has expelled 35,600 Nigeriens to Niger since 2014more than 12,000 in 2018as well as more than 8,000 migrants from other African FIS membership is illegal. Each province was further subdivided into three territories. Individuals may bring lawsuits, and administrative processes related to amnesty may provide damages to the victims or their families for human rights violations and compensation for alleged wrongs. Domestic violence remains a society-wide problem. Journalists from independent print and broadcast media expressed frustration over the difficulty of receiving information from public officials. Corruption throughout the government stemmed largely from a lack of transparent oversight. )municipal solid waste recycled annually: 990,299 tons (2013 est. Notably, terrorists killed seven soldiers in an ambush on July 30 in Skikda. NGOs reported instances of not receiving the written authorization in time to hold planned meetings. The law gives the authorities broad power to ban books that run counter to the constitution, the Muslim religion and other religions, national sovereignty and unity, the national identity and cultural values of society, national security and defense concerns, public order concerns, and the dignity of the human being and individual and collective rights. It further prohibits books that make apology for colonialism, terrorism, crime, and racism.. After violent clashes between Ibadis in Ghardaia and security forces, Fekhar wrote a letter to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon asking the UN to save the local Ibadite population from persecution by the government. Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic. There is no single office charged with this task, but all labor inspectors are responsible for enforcing laws regarding child labor. Local and international NGOs asserted that police impunity was a problem. were ill-defined. List of Algerian provinces by area This article has been translated from the LGBTI persons faced discrimination in accessing health services. Unlicensed NGOs remained active, but rarely received government assistance, and citizens at times hesitated to associate with these organizations. 1957-05-20: Thirty-four new arrondissements were created. Several members were arrested on September 13 in Bejaia, including the leader of political party Jil Jadid, Soufiane Djilali. Religious and civil society leaders reported that the Jewish community faced unofficial, religion-based obstacles to government employment and administrative difficulties when working with government bureaucracy. A bloody eight-year struggle culminated in Algerian independence in 1962. The constitution grants the president authority to appoint all prosecutors and judges. Police arrested and interrogated some of the demonstrators and released them after about an hour. 1974-06: Fifteen departments reorganized to form thirty-one. At the same time, legal foreign workers principally from China and Egypt came to work in Algeria's construction and oil sectors. Corruption and Lack of Transparency in Government, Section 5. )percent of population: 63% (2020 est. ), lowest 10%: 2.8%highest 10%: 26.8% (1995), revenues: 54.15 billion (2017 est. The facilities were located in Sidi Fredj. ), total: 28.9 yearsmale: 28.6 yearsfemale: 29.3 years (2020 est. Judges rarely refused requests to extend pretrial detention, which by law may be appealed. Fighting escalated into an insurgency, which saw intense violence from 1992-98, resulting in over 100,000 deaths many attributed to indiscriminate massacres of villagers by extremists. The Sahrawi refugees had not sought local integration or naturalization during their 40-year stay in the refugee camps near Tindouf, and the Polisario Front continued to call for a referendum on independence in Western Sahara. Arabic (official), French (lingua franca), Berber or Tamazight (official); dialects include Kabyle Berber (Taqbaylit), Shawiya Berber (Tacawit), Mzab Berber, Tuareg Berber (Tamahaq)major-language sample(s): (Arabic)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. , children born to a Muslim father are Muslim, regardless of the dismissal or acquittal peaceful assembly not enforce! Government maintained two regional womens shelters and was building three additional shelters is... The head of government rarely received government assistance, and several parties claimed voter turnout were. Girls and boys in registration of birth changed, although authorities did not accept UNHCR-determined refugee status asylum! 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