In an 1895Puckcartoon, A Rival Who Has Come to Stay, John Bull gapes while Uncle Sam proudly displays his prowess as Uncle Sam the Ship Builder. The U.S. Navy moved up from twelfth to fifth place in the world. When applied to people and cultures, the survival of the fittest doctrine gave wealthy, technologically-advanced countries not only the right to dominate backward nations, but an imperative and duty to bring them into the modern world. The anti-imperialistLifemagazine was similarly attuned to the hypocrisy of cloaking military violence in pious rhetoric. The Forbidden Book: The Philippine-American War in Political Cartoons(San Francisco: TBoli Pub. hier encore nous avons pris un important commando. Elliott, Jane E. SomeDid It for Civilisation, Some Did It for Their Country: A RevisedView of the Boxer War(Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2002). In the French cartoon Leur rve (Their dream), the globe is portrayed as a victim carried on a stretcher. In the United StatesPuck,Judge, and the first version of a pictorial magazine titledLife; in FranceLAssiette au Beurre; and in Germany the acerbicSimplicissimuspublished masterful illustrations that ranged in opinion and style from partisan to thoughtful to gruesome. The phrase White Mans Burden caught on with many imperialists to justify the policy as noble. His biblical title, which came from Matthew 4:16 (The people who sat in darkness have seen a great light), picked up on many pro-imperialist themes of the times. Uncle Sam is to be Sacrificed: Anglophobia in Late Nineteenth-Century Politics and Culture., Twain, Mark. In the background, the artist placed a large portrait of a large man, Marcus Hanna, next to a miniature of President William McKinley to show their relative influence on policy. Even the Civil War is referenced, in a wall plaque: The Confederate States refused their consent to be governed; but the Union was preserved without their consent. Refuting the right of indigenous rule was based on demonstrating a populations lack of preparation for self-governance. The racism and contempt for non-Western others that undergirds Kiplings famous poemand the civilizing mission in generalis unmistakable here. 77-99 (2011). Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (2014). Commodore Deweys victory in Manila Bay in May not only paved the way for U.S. conquest of the Philippines, but also provided a valuable naval base for U.S. fleets in the Pacific. The wall sign overhead reads: The Confederate States refused their consent to be governed; but the Union was preserved without their consent. The class holds schoolbooks labeled Alaska, Texas, Arizona, California, New Mexico. Blackboard text: The consent of the governed is a good thing in theory, but very rare in fact. The Boxers, China, and the World(Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007). Civilization and barbarism were vividly portrayed in the visual record. In September 1901, the French artist Jean Veber used the pages ofLAssiette au Beurreto call attention to one of the often-forgotten ironies of the mystique of the white mans burden. His cartoon, depicting a vast field of flat stone grave markers, carried the simple caption United Kingdom (Le Royaume-Uni). Gambone described the portraits as, a testament to the weakness of McKinley, the overarching power of Hanna, and the Trust interests that supported expansion of American business into the Pacific.. A more earthly approach is taken in the graphic Some One Must Back Up that heads this essay. Penguin Press. This military dimension of the multi-ethnic United Kingdom is often forgotten. Phillips, Richard and Jones, Rhys. Le Silence (Concentration Camps in the Transvaal. In an 1898 two-page spread inPuck, female symbols of the two nations, Columbia and Britannia, meet as mother and daughter to celebrate their reunion After Many Years. Wearing archaic breastplates and helmets, with trident and sword, these outsized, archetypal crusaders helm modern warships. Despite several victories in the battle for Tianjin, chaotic Chinese forces melted away before the Allied advance. 301-314 (2010). On the left, Minerva, goddess of wisdom and Western civilization, witnesses the debut. 730-735 (2008). The graphics protesting U.S. actions in the Philippines were particularly biting, as seen in a page satirically titled Lucky Filipinos. Rising from the flames of a burning home, a skeletal apparition represents the hundreds of thousands of Filipinos killed in the U.S. campaign. Gambone, Robert L.Life on the Press The Popular Art and Illustrations of GeorgeBenjamin Luks(Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2009). Along with his burden of steel, trains, sewing machines, and other industrial goods, Uncle Sam carries a book titled Education, Religion in a nod to the rhetoric of moral uplift that accompanied the commercial goals of the civilizing mission. As Britain stepped up financial industries, shipping, and insurance to make up the deficit, global sea power took on additional significance. The aggressive quest for new marketsChinas millions being the most covetedwas justified as part of the benevolent and inevitable spread of progress. Murphy, Erin L. Womens Anti-Imperialism, The White Mans Burden, and the Philippine-American War,The AsiaPacific Journal, Vol. In The Pigtail Has Got to Go, a white-robed goddess wears a star that radiates over a Chinese mandarin. The wars undertaken in the name of Civilization and Progress were more savage, tortuous, and contradictory than is often recognized. And the third was the anti-foreign Boxer Uprising in China in 18991901, which led to military intervention by no less than eight foreign nations including not only Tsarist Russia and the Western powers, but also Japan. Perspectives on the White Mans Burden Directions: In 1899, British poet Rudyard Kipling wrote The White Mans. Anti-imperialists condemned this view and felt that it was racist and condescending toward people from other countries. XII, No. The Native: Ever since my home was burned to the ground and my wife and children shot.. At the core of the White Mans Burden is a reluctant civilizer who takes up arms for the purpose of relieving grievous wrongs, in the words of President William McKinley. Lasting from June 20 to August 14, 1900, the siege was the catalyst for a rescue mission by the Allied forces of eight major world powers. The conduct of foreign troops in China was targeted in a searing cartoon by the French artist Thophile Steinlen. England has governed her colonies whether they consented or not. The enlarged detail below reveals that the flags of the opponents say the same thing in different words, each justifying their wars to uphold the principle of the Golden Rule., Are our teachings, then, in vain? Udo Keppler,Puck, October 3, 1900. Source:Library of Congress. The War Prayer begins with a preacher praising the nations just and holy war, and leading his congregation in praying for victory. The caption applies the motto united we stand to the Anglo-Saxon brotherhood spreading Western civilization abroad. The backdrop to the scene, a large Map of the United States and Neighboring Countries, attests to the new position the U.S. has taken in the world, with its overseas territories marked by U.S. flags. In this mockingLifecartoon, a Chinese man with an overturned Bible at his feet laughs ironically at how both the Bible and Uncle Sam relish scenes of slaughter. American ships for American commerce!!. Missionary zeal extends to a threat unfurled in a banner carried by the choir of women, Come and be saved; if you dont . Kiplings 730-735 (2008). Perspectives . These more critical graphics did not exist in a vacuum. European countries sought to colonize and plunder the wealth from regions with large populations such as Africa and Asia. Silence). Partnership with Great Britain brought the advantage of shared technology to the U.S., but the new American-made ships represented competition for the British shipbuilding industry. And they complain that drunken American soldiers insult the native women. 1898 poster promotes the U.S.-British rapprochement as A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization, Freedom and Peace for All Time. Multiple representations symbolize the two Anglo nations: national symbols (the eagle and lion); flags (the Stars and Stripes and Union Jack); female personifications (Columbia and Britannia); male personifications (Uncle Sam and John Bull); and national coats of arms (eagle and shield for America; lion, unicorn, crown, and shield for Great Britain). The link between U.S. conquest of the Philippines and the lure of the China market was widely acknowledged at the time, and no one rendered this more vividly, concisely, and admiringly than the cartoonist Emil Flohri. Imperialists Uncle Sam, John Bull, Kaiser Wilhelm, and, in the distance, probably France are borne on the backs of subjugated people in the Philippines, India, and Africa. 13, No. 8, Issue 4, pp. Vaughan, Christopher. Vignette-style graphics placed an array of smaller scenes around the central image. Cartoons endorsing imperialist expansion depicted a beneficent West as father, teacher, even Santa Clausbearing the gifts of progress to benefit poor, backward, and childlike nations destined to become profitable new markets. Maine. (ISSN 1961-9898). Despite public neutrality, the U.S. and Britain covertly supported each other. Brewer, Susan. If you dont do it I shall have to., The First Duty. Contemporary wars in the Philippines and Transvaal (the Boer War) comprise the foreground of the Think It Over battlefield. Imperialism was not only economic and political, but also cultural. Additional images from the issue depict barbaric behavior by the multinational force that intervened in China during the Boxer Uprising. She researches visual narrative and digital historiography using the visual historical record.This article was adapted from Visualizing Cultures. Western missionaries had penetrated the interior, and the missions they established disrupted village traditions. In 1901, occupation forces roamed the countryside to pillage, loot, and hunt for Boxers. (doi:10.1080/14650040802275644). Britains John Bull leads Uncle Sam uphill as the two imperialists take up the White Mans Burden in this detail from an overtly racist 1899 cartoon referencing Kiplings poem. Vebers series, Les Camps de Reconcentration au Transvaal, begins with the cover image Le Silence, in which a veiled woman holds her finger to her lips, standing over the remnants of what appears to be an electric fence and a plow that suggests the earth has been tilled to bury evidence. As a long-established world empire, Great Britain held sway over some 12 million square miles and a quarter of the worlds population. Uneasiness over the idea of using force to govern a country was overcome by tracing the issue of consent back through recent history. Raising money to Save the Foreign Devils recurs in the visual record. As the disturbance escalated, so did news coverage around the world. 27-1-09 (July 6, 2009). The scene above turns the tables on theHarpers Weeklycover (above) and accuses foreign troops and missionaries of atrocities during the Boxer Uprising in China. A scrawny female figure in the background appears to be a skull-faced depiction of Britannia, grown thin and solitary through endless pursuit of war. In its final issue for 1899a time when the U.S. suppression of Filipino resistance was at its peakPuck turned to a feel-good holiday graphic to reaffirm this theme of the bounty promised to newly invaded countries and peoples. Initially, the camps were conceived as shelters for women and children war refugees. The French caption mocks British hypocrisy in officially praising the humanitarian behavior of their armed forces. www.globalresearch.ca contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. Kipling was a white supremascist and wrote The White Mans Burden urging the United States to take up the burden of civilizing savage peoples alongside other European powers. "The White Man's Burden" is a poem by the British Victorian poet and novelist Rudyard Kipling. Most viewers will probably agree that there is nothing really comparable in the contemporary world of political cartooning to the drafting skill and flamboyance of these single-panel graphics, which appeared in such popular periodicals as Puck and Judge. '. Looming on the left, the Eastern Question refers to the long-standing British confrontation with Russia in the Balkans that would soon extend to conflict over Britains Cape to Cairo strategy in Africa. The humanity of our soldiers is admirable and does not tire despite the ferocity of the Boers (Official Report to the War Office. Take up the White Mans burden Ye dare not stoop to less Nor call The silent, sullen peoples Shall weigh your Gods and you. Analysis The men selected for the task must do it efficiently. AHistory of American Magazines. It evoked both the fact that the bulk of the U.S. force was made up of units from the Midwestern states. Literature follows, holding the text of Kiplings poem, The White Mans Burden. Music plays an organ labeled Two Step SymphonyDollar Mark Forever. Behind Music comes Sculpture, holding up a monument to a war hero. Source:Library of Congress. A Rival Who Has Come to Stay: Naval Power. Fears that China would descend into chaos and xenophobia justified intervention to safeguard the spread of modernity, civilization, and trade. The Real White Mans Burden was published in 1902, after the Spanish-American war and it is a satire of another poem by British author Rudyard Kipling - The White Mans Burden. Uncle Sam was portrayed both with youthful energy and as a paternal older figure straining to follow in John Bulls footsteps as he took up the White Mans Burden., After Many Years: The Great Rapprochement. He says, Take up the White Mans burden, Send forth the best ye breed School Begins. Uncle Sam (to his new class in Civilization): Now, children, youve got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like White Man's Burden, East India Company, Opium War and more. GlobalResearch Center for Research on Globalization. 1900. A poster headlined A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization, Freedom and Peace for all Time, probably also dating from 1898, celebrated the rapprochement between the United States and Great Britain with particularly dense detail. Three overlapping turn-of-the-century conflicts in particular stirred the righteous rhetoric of the white imperialists. Civilization and its Discontents: The Boxers and Luddites as Heroes and Villains.Theory and Society16(5):675 (1987). The caption quotes one of the presidents speeches: Teaching them the truth of the common fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, and showing that if we are not our brothers keepers we can be our brothers helpers. Native people in the countries that were being colonized did not agree with imperialist policies. Relatively free from European rivalries and well situated to become a transoceanic partner, the U.S. was courted for the role. Other graphic techniques were used by cartoonists to communicate this message. Lifepublished many graphics that showed the humanitarian costs inflicted by war and political aggressiondespoliation, looting, concentration camps, torture, and genocideoften awkwardly interspersed amongst humorous sketches and domestic scenes. Many politicians used the phrase and its views as the basis for their imperialist and racist policies. Harpers Weeklylater echoed the classroom scene with a cover captioned Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. The class is disrupted by revolutionaries from the new U.S. territories of the Philippines and Cuba, whose vicious fight brands them as barbarously unfit for self-rule. The campaign was stepped up to target the civilian population that provided crucial support for guerrilla fighters in both the Transvaal and Orange Free State republics. The satirical weekly,Simplicissimus, flourished from 1896 to 1967 with a hiatus from 1944 to 1954. British armies had difficulty stopping mounted Boer commandos spread out over large areas of open terrain. John Bull Good evins! Education in the ways of the West completed the political and commercial occupation. Reports of the Boxer attacks seeped out of the beleaguered area and misinformation spread, like this headline in theNew York Timeson July 30: Wave of Massacre Spreads over China. The human and financial cost of these extended conflicts was large. What did the public back home know about the fighting of these far-off wars? An iron railing through which an electric current runs is the healthiest and safest of fences. Britain, the more powerful military partner, shows celebrated victories over the Spanish Armada in 1588 and over the French and Spanish navies at Trafalgar in 1805. Kipling positively represents colonial imperialism as the moral burden of the white race, who are divinely destined to civilise the brutish, non-white Other who inhabits the barbarous parts of the world; to wit, the seventh and eighth lines of the first stanza misrepresent the Filipinos as new-caught, sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child. When this cartoon was published, the foreign Legation Quarter in Beijing was besieged by Boxers and Qing troops. Wrapped in Kerosene-Soaked Cotton and Roasted to Death., In this same horrified mode, the July 28 cover ofHarpers Weeklya publication that carried the subtitle A Journal of Civilizationdepicted demonic Boxers brandishing primitive weapons, carrying severed heads on pikes, and trampling a child wrapped in the American flag. Wasserstrom, Jeffrey. Missionaries preaching the Gospel in rural China violated local religious practices. msotristate is ambiguous in the namespace 'microsoft office core. A 1901 Puck cover, Misery Loves Company, depicts John Bull and Uncle Sam mired in colonial wars at a steep price: Boer War 16,000,000 yearly and Philippine War $80,000,000 yearly. Anti-imperialist movements targeted the human rights violations in both the Philippines and Transvaal in their protests. View White Man's Burden.pdf from HIST 1302 at San Antonio College. Study Resources. In the centerfold of the August 16, 1899 issue of Puck, the not-so-cynical Keppler extended his feminization of global power politics to other great nations including a new arrival on the scene: Japan. Xiang, Lanxin. Titled Dream of the Empress of China, the dream is an obvious nightmare, as the sardonic sub-caption makes clear. Matthews, Roy T. Britannia and John Bull: From Birth to Maturity.The Historian,Vol. Simultaneously, the war against Spain in Cuba and the Caribbean saw the U.S. seizure of Cubas Guantanamo Bay in June, giving the U.S. a naval base retained into the 21st century. May 26, 2022. At the time, however, Twains family, acquaintances, and publisher feared the piece would be denounced as both unpatriotic and sacrilegious, and urged him not to publish it. The aggressors brought progress in the form of modern technology, communications, and Western dress and culture. Progress was promoted as an unassailable value that would bring the worlds barbarians into modern times for their own good and the good of global commerce. Robert L. Gambone in his 2009 book,Life on the Press: The Popular Art and Illustrations of George Benjamin Luks, describes the cartoon as follows: The Way We Get Our War News (The Verdict, August 21, 1899, front cover) excoriates military press censorship, a supremely ironic development given the appeals to freedom used to justify the war. Source:William H. Walker Cartoon Collection, Princeton University Library. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France, In this cartoon from the French special issue on concentration camps in the Boer War, a gaunt Britannia is the only living creature in a vast graveyard for dead British soldiers. This freedom would involve the whites colonizing other territories to further the interests of their homeland and at the same time, civilize these areas. Jesus, In an 1899 cartoon, Ren Georges Hermann-Paul attacked the hypocrisy of spreading civilization by force by juxtaposing the words Barbarie and Civilisation beneath Chinese and French combatants who alternate as victor and victim. Mans Burden, in the caption to thisLifecover published shortly after Kiplings poem. The Native: Ever since my home was burned to the ground and my wife and children shot. Frederick Thompson Richards,Life, October 18, 1900. Tuffnell, Stephen. Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. Vol 172 (February 1901). The artist George Benjamin Luts offered an exceptionally scathing rendering of the linkage of conquest, commerce, and censorship in an 1899 cartoon titled The Way We Get the War News: The Manila Correspondent and the McKinley Censorship. Published in a short-lived radical periodical,The Verdict, the cartoon shows a war correspondent in chains, writing his story under the direction of military brass. But by the 1890s, emerging industrial powerhouses like the U.S. and Germany reduced Britains industrial dominance. When the Chinese man raises his sword, it is labeled barbarism, but when the French soldier does precisely the same thing it is a necessary blow for civilization.. 1 (October 7, 2013). Many peasants vaguely suspected of being Boxers were executed. Louis Dalrymples exceptionally detailed 1899 Puck graphic includes racist and denigrating depictions within a schoolhouse metaphor to demonstrate the right to govern newly acquired territories without their consent. In the United States, the Boer War, conquest of the Philippines, and Boxer Uprising prompted large, detailed, sophisticated, full-color cartoons inPuckandJudge. Revell, 1904). Copy of White Man's Burden Analysis.pdf - Perspectives on the White Mans Burden Directions: In 1899, British poet Rudyard Kipling wrote The White | Course Hero. From 1899 to 1902, the U.S. and Great Britain each became mired in colonial wars that were more vicious and long-lasting than expected. Eighteen months before Steinlens disturbing mural, another German artist, Thomas Theodor Heine, published a similarly blood-soaked rendering of the barbarities perpetuated abroad by Western military forces. In the U.S., pro-imperialist graphics created the image of robotic, unstoppable American soldiers stomping on foreign lands and towering over barefoot savages. A cartoon published in May, 1899 over the caption And Peace Shall Rule offered a female angel of peace flying over a globe (turned to Asia and the Pacific) hoisted by John Bull and Uncle Sam. In Kiplings often-quoted phrase, this noble mission required willingness to engage in savage wars of peace.. From the Cape to Cairo. All of the hastily organized camps, for whites and blacks alike, had inadequate accommodations, wretched sanitation, and unreliable food supplies, leading to tens of thousands of deaths from disease and starvation. Vol. Just as a thousand years ago the Huns under their King Attila made a name for themselves, one that even today makes them seem mighty in history and legend, may the name German be affirmed by you in such a way in China that no Chinese will ever again dare to look cross-eyed at a German. The caption, titled The First Duty, carries this subtitle: Civilization (to China)That dragon must be killed before our troubles can be adjusted. From Tientsin to Peking with the Allied Forces. One cannot imagine a blunter caption than the one that accompanied his 1900 cartoon forJudge: And, after all, the Philippines Are Only the Stepping-Stone to China. 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