The East Slavs emerged as a recognisable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries CE. The first East Slavic state, Kievan Rus', arose in the 9th century, and in 988, it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire. All this formed the climate for the Russian Revolution of 1917, carried out in two major acts. [143] Russia is a member of the G20, the OSCE, and the APEC. [623] Many Soviet socialist realism films were artistically successful, including Chapaev, The Cranes Are Flying, and Ballad of a Soldier. The most common type of federal subject with a governor and locally elected legislature. Its mineral and energy sources are the world's largest, and its figures for oil production and natural gas production rank high globally. Russia is among the world's most educated countries, and has the sixth-highest proportion of tertiary-level graduates in terms of percentage of population, at 62.1%. [citation needed], The political upheavals of the early 20th century and the wholesale changes of political ideology gave written Russian its modern appearance after the spelling reform of 1918. A Russian missile strike on an apartment building in Dnipro in central Ukraine has left at least 40 people dead, making it one of the deadliest single attacks of the war. [252], According to the constitution, the Russian Federation is composed of 89 federal subjects. Russian emergency services told the state-run news agency Interfax that the sergeant accidentally detonated a hand grenade which caused ammunition to blow up and started a fire. [279] Russia maintains cordial relations with Iran, as it is a strategic and economic ally. [369] Greenhouse gas emissions by Russia are the world's fourth-largest. The name Rus' itself comes from the early medieval Rus' people, who were a group of Norse merchants and warriors who relocated from across the Baltic Sea and founded a state centred on Novgorod that later became Kievan Rus'. Therefore, the Russian language is the seventh-largest in the world by number of speakers, after English, Mandarin, Hindi-Urdu, Spanish, French, Arabic and Portuguese. [citation needed], In 2010, there were 259.8million speakers of Russian in the world: in Russia 137.5 million, in the CIS and Baltic countries 93.7million, in Eastern Europe 12.9million, Western Europe 7.3million, Asia 2.7million, Middle East and North Africa 1.3million, Sub-Saharan Africa 0.1million, Latin America 0.2million, U.S., Canada, Australia and New Zealand 4.1million speakers. [44] By the 12th century, Kiev lost its pre-eminence and Kievan Rus' had fragmented into different principalities. Fighting continues after a 36-hour Russian-proposed ceasefire which Ukraine dismissed as a cynical ploy ended overnight Saturday. The Russian invaders are preparing to defend the city of Enerhodar, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, by setting up barracks and ammunition storage points in the basements of residential buildings. [440] There are over 193 ethnic groups nationwide. In 882, his successor Oleg ventured south and conquered Kiev, which had been previously paying tribute to the Khazars. .: , 1987. [51] 26% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 5% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work.[52]. [400], Nikolai Vavilov was best known for having identified the centres of origin of cultivated plants. [611] Wine has become increasingly popular in Russia in the 21st century. On the ruins of peasant multilingua, in the context of developing heavy industry, a qualitatively new entity can be said to emergethe general language of the working class capitalism has the tendency of creating the general urban language of a given society. Federal regions also have their own departments of health that oversee local administration. "Did you eat the cookie?) [51] The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of the population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian, and understand the spoken language. [618][619] Soviet-era filmmakers, most notably Sergei Eisenstein and Andrei Tarkovsky, would go on to become among of the world's most innovative and influential directors. The standard language, based on the Moscow dialect, possesses heavy stress and moderate variation in pitch. ? The Russian republic was established immediately after the Russian Revolution of 1917 and became a union republic in 1922. [59]:1120 While still under the domain of the Mongol-Tatars and with their connivance, Moscow began to assert its influence in the region in the early 14th century,[60] gradually becoming the leading force in the "gathering of the Russian lands". [44], The destruction of Kievan Rus' saw the eventual rise of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, initially a part of Vladimir-Suzdal. [citation needed], Clusters of four consonants are not very common, especially within a morpheme. [336], Russia is the world's thirteenth-largest exporter and the 21st-largest importer. In the 19th, Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary. [215] Lake Baikal, the largest and most prominent among Russia's fresh water bodies, is the world's deepest, purest, oldest and most capacious fresh water lake, containing over one-fifth of the world's fresh surface water. Other major urban areas include Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, and Kazan. [68], In Kazakhstan, Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. [61] Vasili III completed the task of uniting all of Russia by annexing the last few independent Russian states in the early 16th century. [523] During the reign of Catherine the Great, Saint Petersburg was transformed into an outdoor museum of Neoclassical architecture. [584], Russian philosophy has been greatly influential. Smorodinskaya, Tatiana, and Karen Evans-Romaine, eds. . . "" (XI-XII )", "Geoarchaeology of the earliest paleolithic sites (Oldowan) in the North Caucasus and the East Europe", "Age estimates for hominin fossils and the onset of the Upper Palaeolithic at Denisova Cave", "Mum's a Neanderthal, Dad's a Denisovan: First discovery of an ancient-human hybrid", "Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia", "New data for the Early Upper Paleolithic of Kostenki (Russia)", "Ancient genomes show social and reproductive behavior of early Upper Paleolithic foragers", "Thousands of horsemen may have swept into Bronze Age Europe, transforming the local population", "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe", "Nomadic herders left a strong genetic mark on Europeans and Asians", "1998 NOVA documentary: "Ice Mummies: Siberian Ice Maiden", "Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe", Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, "Genome-wide sequence analyses of ethnic populations across Russia", "Exploration and Settlement on the Alaskan Coast", "Who really discovered Antarctica? [3] It is the most spoken native language in Europe, the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, as well as the world's most widely spoken Slavic language. [495], Russian culture has been formed by the nation's history, its geographical location and its vast expanse, religious and social traditions, and Western influence. Percentage of ethnic Russians by region according to the 2010 census. WebThe Russians (Russian: , romanized: russkie) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe, who share a common Russian ancestry, culture, and history. [53][54], In the 10th to 11th centuries, Kievan Rus' became one of the largest and most prosperous states in Europe. 6 January], 1918, the Russian Constituent Assembly declared Russia a democratic federal republic (thus ratifying the Provisional Government's decision). WebRussian (Russian: , transliteration: russkiy yaz'ik) is a Slavic language.It is the main language spoken in Russia.It is also spoken by many people in other parts of the former Soviet Union, such as in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan and Estonia.. Russian, like other During the conflict, Russian troops overran East Prussia, reaching Berlin. [381], Various analysts of climate change adaptation foresee large opportunities for Russian agriculture during the rest of the 21st century as arability increases in Siberia, which would lead to both internal and external migration to the region. [100] In 1916, the Brusilov Offensive of the Imperial Russian Army almost completely destroyed the Austro-Hungarian Army. . . [79] In the south, after the successful Russo-Turkish Wars against the Ottoman Empire, Catherine advanced Russia's boundary to the Black Sea, by dissolving the Crimean Khanate, and annexing Crimea. WebRussian is an East Slavic language of the wider Ino-European family. Russian and Church Slavonic with some Old Russian vocabulary. Occasionally referred to as "autonomous district", "autonomous area", and "autonomous region", each with a substantial or predominant ethnic minority. [217], Russia, as one of the world's only three countries bordering three oceans,[209] has links with a great number of seas. [116] The continued internal struggle in the Bolshevik party culminated in the Great Purge. [352] As of 2016[update], Russia has the world's fifth-largest road network, with 1.5 millionkm of roads,[353] while its road density is among the world's lowest. Following the Russian Civil War, the Russian SFSR established the Soviet Union (with three other Soviet republics), within which it was the largest and principal constituent. Some examples are: ([vzglat] vzglyad, 'glance'), ([gsdarstf] gosudarstv, 'of the states'), ([stritlstf] stroitelstv, 'of the constructions'). [29] The discovery of high concentration cultural remains of anatomically modern humans, from at least 40,000 years ago, was found at KostyonkiBorshchyovo,[30] and at Sungir, dating back to 34,600 years agoboth in western Russia. [citation needed], The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly, a phenomenon called okanye (). 31 Dec 1999: Putin Presidency begins in Russia. It is one of four living East Slavic languages,[h] and is also a part of the larger Balto-Slavic languages. ", "Russia and Ukraine Fight, But Their People Seek Reconciliation", " ", "The North Caucasus Bilingualism and Language Identity", Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, "Linguistic rights and education in the republics of the Russian Federation: towards unity through uniformity", "Linguistic Diversity In Russia Is A Threat To Sovereignty Or A Condition Of Cohesion? [7] It is structured as a multi-party representative democracy, with the federal government composed of three branches:[241], The president is elected by popular vote for a six-year term and may be elected no more than twice. According to the United States Census, in 2007 Russian was the primary language spoken in the homes of over 850,000 individuals living in the United States. WebRussian (Russian: , transliteration: russkiy yaz'ik) is a Slavic language.It is the main language spoken in Russia.It is also spoken by many people in other parts of the former Soviet Union, such as in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan and Estonia.. Russian, like other It is a descendant of Old East Slavic, a language used in Kievan Rus', which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid 13th centuries. Its population of about 141.7 million includes well over 100 ethnic groups, though the majority are ethnic Russians. Led by Mikhail Kutuzov and Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, the Imperial Russian Army ousted Napoleon and drove throughout Europe in the War of the Sixth Coalition, ultimately entering Paris. [437] Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the demographic crisis in the country has deepened,[438] as the country has faced a renewed brain drain and human capital flight caused by Western mass-sanctions and boycotts. [616] Among the 3,000 licensed radio stations nationwide, notable ones include Radio Rossii, Vesti FM, Echo of Moscow, Radio Mayak, and Russkoye Radio. AlexanderII was assassinated in 1881 by revolutionary terrorists. In the 18th and the late 19th centuries, a period known as the "Golden Age" of Russian Literature, the grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation of the Russian language in a standardized literary form emerged. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 14,400,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 29 million active speakers. [236] Although in decline, the country still has many ecosystems which are still onsidered intact forest; mainly in the northern taiga areas, and the subarctic tundra of Siberia. [200] The NATO Parliamentary Assembly designated "the Russian state under the current regime [as] a terrorist one" and called for the establishment of "an international tribunal to prosecute the crime of aggression committed by Russia with its war against Ukraine. [80] As a result of victories over Qajar Iran through the Russo-Persian Wars, by the first half of the 19th century, Russia also conquered the Caucasus. [63], Led by Prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow, the united army of Russian principalities inflicted a milestone defeat on the Mongol-Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380. In the early 15th-century, the master icon painter Andrei Rublev created some of Russia's most treasured religious art. About 2 million years ago, representatives of Homo erectus migrated to the Taman Peninsula in southern Russia. [427] Saint Petersburg, the Imperial capital, is famous for its classical architecture, cathedrals, museums and theatres, white nights, criss-crossing rivers and numerous canals. [58] Only the Novgorod Republic escaped Mongol occupation after it agreed to pay tribute in 1259. The sounds /t, d, ts, s, z, n, r/ are dental, that is, pronounced with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge. [568] Following Pushkin's footsteps, a new generation of poets were born, including Mikhail Lermontov, Nikolay Nekrasov, Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Fyodor Tyutchev and Afanasy Fet. [390] Sofya Kovalevskaya was a pioneer among women in mathematics in the 19th century. 1. [256], Russia had the world's fifth-largest diplomatic network in 2019. These vowels have several allophones, which are displayed on the diagram to the right. [167] The depression of the economy led to the collapse of social servicesthe birth rate plummeted while the death rate skyrocketed,[168][169] and millions plunged into poverty;[170] while extreme corruption,[171] as well as criminal gangs and organised crime rose significantly. Besides being taught at universities and schools, there were also educational programs on the radio and TV. [231] They include 45 biosphere reserves,[235] 64 national parks, and 101 nature reserves. WebRussian is an East Slavic language of the wider Ino-European family. In a statement, the military said the soldiers "went together to Hell" after they were struck by missiles.
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