Ambition notwithstanding, Tennessee Ernie Ford possessed a winning combination of talent and luck that made him one of the biggest stars in the country, with numerous Top Ten hits and, at the. And his parents were strict Buck and his brother, Brion, knew they were supposed to mind their manners or theyd get the belt from one of their parents. When Ernie went on air with his own television variety program in 1956 his star rose even higher. The amazing thing about it is that the marriage and this incredibly unstable family did not explode, spewing its misery and ugliness everywhere. Survivors include his wife, Vivian; son, Jarrod Michael Ford; three grandchildren; and his older brother, Buck. Fulfillment by Amazon (FBA) is a service we offer sellers that lets them store their products in Amazon's fulfillment centers, and we directly pack, ship, and provide customer service for these products. Help others learn more about this product by uploading a video! She said when he would return to Bristol, he often brought his two sons along. Tennessee Ernie Ford was born on February 13th, 1919. If she did we prayed her aim would be accurate, because the leather falling on our legs or our backs was way worse than on our backsides. During this time period, he created a hillbilly twang and style perfected to such an extent that nearly all his audience assumed that the station had hired a new part-time disc jockey straight from the hills of Tennessee. He felt this was his duty and he determined to make the best of it. Ford was thrilled when he learned the Bristol Historical Association intended to buy and renovate the home, according to a publication about the house by the association. And could he ever sell cars! The social life of Hollywood, Buck said, is what created the first wedge between Ernie and Betty, and began their addictions. videos She drank at home and she drank in public. Download the free Kindle app and start reading Kindle books instantly on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. But, he added, when Betty died, Ernie lost the love of his life. Hed complained of stomach pains on the way to the airport with his second wife, Beverly, from a hotel after dining with then-President George Bush and First Lady Barbara Bush. Find all the books, read about the author, and more. This paved the way for his first recording contract. He retreated into a world of his friends, golf, and watching television, and began to drink almost as much as his wife. Ambition notwithstanding, Tennessee Ernie Ford possessed a winning combination of talent and luck that made him one of the biggest stars in the country, with numerous Top Ten hits and, at the height of his popularity, a weekly television show watched by millions. Cowboys Watch as Russell Gage to Hospital; 'I'm Doing Great!' Bucs WR Says - NFL Tracker They were married within four months of their first date. In 1942 Ernest Jennings Ford married nineteen-year-old Betty Jean Heminger, whom he had met at Victorville Army Air Base in California. Tennessee Ernie Ford, radio announcer, singer, and television personality, was born Ernest Jennings Ford on February 13, 1919, in Fordtown, Sullivan County, and raised in nearby Bristol. Response to first issue: according to a different source (imdb), Mr. Ford had two spouses: Betty, who died in 1989, and Beverly, to whom Mr. Ford was married at the time of his death. He also owned a cattle ranch in California. He has three Hollywood Walk of Fame stars because of his contributions to radio, television, and records. In a rambling book filled with anecdotes and country humor, he frequently bragged on his wife and gave his readers the impression that theirs was the ideal, all-American family. He ended each program with a Christian hymn. , Dimensions The one who sang such beautiful hymns and inspired so many millions of believers all over the world, finally collapsed under the weight of the phenomenal pressures he had carried most of his adult life. Discover more of the authors books, see similar authors, read author blogs and more. So, how much is Tennessee Ernie Ford worth at the age of 72 years old? Solange Knowles Birthday, Real Name, Personal Life, Age, Weight, Height, Affairs, Bio & More, Maggie Rogers Birthday, Real Name, Personal Life, Age, Weight, Height, Affairs, Bio & More, Billy Currington Birthday, Real Name, Personal Life, Age, Weight, Height, Affairs, Bio & More, Selena Birthday, Real Name, Personal Life, Age, Weight, Height, Affairs, Bio & More, Donna Jean Godchaux Birthday, Real Name, Personal Life, Age, Weight, Height, Affairs, Bio & More, Shawn Mendes Birthday, Real Name, Personal Life, Age, Weight, Height, Affairs, Bio & More, Brian McKnight Birthday, Real Name, Personal Life, Age, Weight, Height, Affairs, Bio & More, Magic Slim Birthday, Real Name, Personal Life, Age, Weight, Height, Affairs, Bio & More, Enrique Iglesias Birthday, Real Name, Personal Life, Age, Weight, Height, Affairs, Bio & More, Jason Derulo Birthday, Real Name, Personal Life, Age, Weight, Height, Affairs, Bio & More, Krisia Todorova Birthday, Real Name, Personal Life, Age, Weight, Height, Affairs, Bio & More, Karl Willetts Birthday, Real Name, Personal Life, Age, Weight, Height, Affairs, Bio & More, Jungle Muzik Larry Birthday, Real Name, Personal Life, Age, Weight, Height, Affairs, Bio & More, Rain (Singer) Birthday, Real Name, Personal Life, Age, Weight, Height, Affairs, Bio & More, Kenny Rogers Birthday, Real Name, Personal Life, Age, Weight, Height, Affairs, Bio & More, Child(ren) of Tennessee Ernie Ford and Betty Heminger, Jeffrey Buckner Ford (6 January, 1950) (Son), Brion Leonard Ford (3 September, 1952) (Son) (Died on 24 October 2008), Sixteen Tons (Song 1947), The Shotgun Boogie (Song 1950). He had no way of knowing that in time, with constant and liberal doses of alcohol, her sharp wit and lively nature would turn on him and everyone else who gave her the least bit of annoyance, and that she would prove a continual source of embarrassment. Something went wrong. King was so impressed he had to meet this radio hillbilly and arranged an appointment with Ford. She sensed this man was no wolf looking for prey; she instinctively felt he was a genuinely good guy which indeed Ernie Ford was. But his success ultimately affected his personal life, including the downward spiral of his marriage to the love of his life, Betty, especially after the release of his most popular song Sixteen Tons, according to his son, Jeffrey Bucker Buck Ford. Always a bit of an innovator, Ford engaged in certain practices that were just never done. Above is, To support SOGM with a monthly recurring donation, click above, Check out our ever-growing list of devotional teachings now available, Schedule an SOGM conference in your church. When in town for the last time before his death, he met with members of the organization and after returning to his home in California he called many times to check on the progress of the restoration. After the thirty-minute program was over, Ford reverted to his normal radio persona, Ernest Ford, and very few people realized that Ernest and Tennessee Ernie were one and the same. is the recounting of their life together, of Ernie's spectacular success as an entertainer, of their growing spiral of self-destruction as his career flourished, and of their two sons' despair as they watched the light slowly fade from their parents' eyes and the joy vanish from their lives. Ernie had always been naturally a nice guy, a pleasant, personable man to whom nearly everyone could relate. He did so many things well, it was hard to place him in a single category. He was born on February 13th, 1919. It was different, it was lively, and it was an immediate hit. A major part of Spirit of Grace Ministries is our ministry in the great continent of Africa. "Brion was nuclear," Buck Ford said. He had an easy, friendly way that made him almost irresistible. Betty committed suicide in 1989 after being an alcoholic and abusing prescription drugs. He sang the same way he always did, and his audiences became smaller and older. In addition, the power of fresh love is so strong that it colors and affects both the way we behave and the way in which we perceive our prospective spouse. "On behalf of everyone from the Ford family, I want to tell everyone in Bristol that the people in Bristol and the city of Bristol meant so much to Brion," Buck Ford said. He did not stop working on his radio career, but he honed his singing skills too. However, he moved to a different location in 1939 to study music at the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music. He appeared at the London Palladium, and made many records. Previous page of related Sponsored Products. Although there were brief respites when their initial love and affection would resurface, those times would quickly pass and the darkness would resume. A major part of Spirit of Grace Ministries is our ministry in the great continent of Africa. It is kind of amazing that so many of the stars of yesteryear are nearly forgotten within a generation or two. He is most remembered for 16 Tons. View popular celebrities life details, birth signs and real ages. None of it worked. Tennessee Ernie Ford, as he came to be known, was an ordinary man but his overwhelming success later led to his downfall. She cursed freely, creatively, and with great passion. I would highly recommend it to anyone whose life has been dictated and impacted by a loved ones dependency on alcohol or drugs. He is most remembered for 16 Tons. In. Ernie Ford is a man and an entertainer who should be remembered. He is from USA. In his heyday, Ernie Ford was the highest paid personality in prime-time American television. The younger Ford gives readers an in-depth look behind the curtain, painting a multilayered portrait of the man who hid his pain behind a salt-of-the-earth Everyman pose. When Mr. Mooney's boss threatens to fire him because his bank branch hasn't had many new accounts, Lucy tries to convince millionaire country singer Homer Higgins to deposit his money with the bank. 76, White House, Tenn. (615) 672-5000. But in the nitty gritty of extreme and continual pressure, despite a noble desire to do his duty to his family, Ernie Ford eventually came apart. Brion Ford was born Sept. 3, 1952, in San Gabriel, Calif. His brother said he was strong of voice and character - traits inherited from his father. Brief content visible, double tap to read full content. "My brother was my sense of humor.". Ernie Ford quickly remarried but all his drinking had destroyed his liver, and within a few years he died of liver failure at the age of 72. Composer, singer and author, educated at the Cincinnati Conservatory. It wouldnt fly today, but the corny caricature worked beautifully in that simpler time. Queen Elizabeth told the Daily Mail he was her favorite singer. Tennessee Ernie Ford Ernest Jennings Ford :: a biography Born Ernest Jennings Ford on February 13th, 1919 in Bristol, Tennessee, Tennessee Ernie Ford has made an indelible impact on America and the world through his unparalleled accomplishments in radio, records and television. In the social circles that he was in he was expected to drink and to be a part of that scene and it just took hold of he and Betty both and took them both down, but I think sincerely in his heart he was a good daddy, Otis said. But the thing that impressed her the most was the nature of the man. Lucy and Tennessee Ernie Ford: Directed by Maury Thompson. Today he manages Tennessee Earnie Ford Enterprises and works as a multimedia writer and producer. : In this section, we will reveal is Birthplace, Birthday, Age, Current Location, Hometown, etc. Marriage to Betty wasnt so difficult when hundreds or thousands of miles separated them from each other. For Betty it was vodka, valium, and tranquilizers. He ventured into recording, and within no time, he released "The Bonnie Blue Flag.". Tennessee Ernie Ford was born on 1919-02-13. None of the changes that occurred in their lives occurred only to them individually it occurred to both of them together.. Ain't Nobody's Business But My Own. The day came when Betty would again attempt to take her life and this time she would succeed. In addition to his drunkenness, his voice was only a remnant of what it had been, and he had made no attempts to learn the lyrics of any of the songs. To understand why this article is titled Tennessee Ernie Ford - A Sad Life, we must go back to his World War II days, and learn of the lady who became Mrs. Ernie Ford. In Ernies case, the products were Fairlanes, Thunderbirds, Galaxies, and other Ford models. This is Bucks story - Tennessee Ernie Ford and his wife Betty are front and center, but this book is an example of how-to-survive growing up in an alcohol infused household and coming out on the other side. February 13, videos "I can't believe he's gone.". The album became a huge bestseller and eventually went platinum with over a million in sales. Betty, on the other hand, despised traditional styles and values, and leaned hard left in politics, in philosophy, and in style. It was anything but funny. Ford made it clear that he needed to do the show his way just as hed always done in his radio days. They had made him a rich man, a famous entertainer who was awarded The Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Ronald Reagan. He earned his fame for being a recording artist and a TV host who rose to stardom for his exceptional singing prowess. He was a Bristol, Tennessee, native who had a 40-year career as a music superstar and TV icon. But this impressed him all the more and he immediately offered Ford a job with his station. Learn How rich is He in this year and how He spends money? Ernest Jennings Ford (February 13, 1919 October 17, 1991), known professionally as Tennessee Ernie Ford, was an American singer and television host who enjoyed success in the country and Western, pop, and gospel musical genres. For Subscribers. Reviewed in the United States on September 27, 2009. American recording artist and television host Tennessee Ernie Ford became a staple on the Grand Ole Opry and had many crossover hits, including "Sixteen Tons" and "Ballad of Davy Crockett." He later switched his emphasis to gospel music; his 1957 album Hymns enjoyed great success. Read instantly on your browser with Kindle for Web. She and Ernie became truly the Odd Couple. She had never been a particularly restrained personality, and now as a flaming alcoholic she lost nearly all her remaining inhibitions. People have debated this question for millennia. Betty had a nervous temperament, was easily upset, worried constantly, and was highly driven. . Death of Beverly Ford. Six years later, he was listed as part of the Country Music Hall of Fame. In 1984, he was bestowed with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Some years ago, Bibee and her late husband, Charles Oakley, kept house for the Fords at their home in California while they vacationed in Hawaii. He also sang the title song in the movie River of No Return (1954) starring Robert Mitchum and Marilyn Monroe. Tennessee Ernie Ford real name was Ernest Jennings Ford. Tennessee Ernie Fords lifetime: Thursday, February 13th, 1919 to Thursday, October 17th, 1991, was 26,544 days, equaling 3,792 weeks exactly. is an actor and writer with more than twenty feature films and hundreds of radio and television commercials to his credit. When Ernie was sent to the Victorville Army Base in southern California, there were about 1,000 other male recruits there and exactly one female on the entire base. quotes, He was born on February 13, 1919 at Bristol, Tennessee, United States. His book "Tennessee Ernie Ford's Book of Favorite Hymns" was a best-seller in its fleid when it was published in 1962, and a companion record album on Capitol Records was released later that same year. If correct, this would explain the text in the article. Beverly Wood and Tennessee Ernie Ford were married for 2 years before Tennessee Ernie Ford died aged 72. Everything that occurred to make the celebrity of Tennessee Ernie Ford happened as a result of and during the course of his marriage to Betty Ford, he told the Herald Courier. To see a full listing of all articles available, go to our Written Devos Page. He died a broken man, an alcoholic who had spent decades worrying about his wifes alcoholism. During his years as a TV show host, Ernie began a practice that was at that time unique, and has never been done since on any nationally syndicated program. Tennessee Ernie Ford's White Christmas: Directed by Joe Hostettler. I just kind of smiled at him and thought, Yeah we are when we get the money, she said. So be it.. Me & Patsy Kickin' Up Dust: My Friendship with Patsy Cline. His net worth has been growing significantly in 2021-2022. Almost no disc jockey but Ernie could have gotten away with this. The end result was that most of his listeners actually enjoyed and preferred the Ernie Ford enhanced songs. With Lucille Ball, Gale Gordon, Tennessee Ernie Ford, The Back Porch Majority. A recording contract came to Fords doorstep after one of Capitol Records scouts heard his work. Thats [alcoholism] not something that we broadcast, but Buck was very honest and I loved his book, she said. He was also famous from other names as Tennessee Ernie Ford. He is most remembered for 16 Tons. to add information, pictures and relationships, join in discussions and get credit for your contributions. (18 September 1942 - 26 February 1989) (her death) 2 childrenson: Jeffrey Buckner FordJanuary 6, 1950 in San Gabriel, California, USAFord was married to Betty Heminger from September 18, 1942, until her death on February 26, 1989; they had two childrenJeffrey Buckner Buck Ford (born January 6, 1950) and Brion Leonard Ford (born September 3, 1952 in San Gabriel, California - died October 24, 2008 in White House, Tennessee, of lung cancer at age 56). If a Parent or Both Parents Were Alcoholics - Read This Book, Reviewed in the United States on September 9, 2020. Tennessee Ernie Fords Overwhelming Success Led to His Later Downfall, Son Says, COPYRIGHT 2020 By TheLifeandTimesofHollywood.com, Stories From The Life and Times of Hollywood. Differences can be exciting and intriguing in the early stages of romance and infatuation, but once the rings are exchanged and the years begin to roll by, those differences can lead to huge problems if they are not dealt with and compromises are not made. For Betty it was vodka, valium, and tranquilizers. Ford was a part of what we now commonly call the greatest generation. He grew up during the great depression, served in the military during World War II, and rose to fame in the giddy post-war prosperity of the 1950s. But Betty drank far more than Ernie and became a full-fledged alcoholic while still relatively young. Ernie Ford was different from many celebrities then and now in that he was never particularly ambitious to make it as a star. He earned his fame for being a recording artist and a TV host who rose to stardom for his exceptional singing prowess. American Country Musician Tennessee Ernie Ford was born Ernest Jennings Ford on 13th February, 1919 in Bristol, Tennessee, USA and passed away on 17th Oct 1991 Reston, Virginia, USA aged 72. His biggest hit "Sixteen Tons" was credited as being the first Rock and Roll big hit and for kicking off the Rock and Roll era of the 1950s. She showed up at parties and public events totally smashed. He continued recording into the 1970s. He passed away at the age of 72. What do you think about the Bristol Virginia City Councils recent reluctance to seek a $600,000 state grant on behalf of the BCM Museums proposed expansion? With the opportunity to reach a far larger audience than ever before, the amiable, innovative radio personality with the incredible singing voice saw a meteoric rise in popularity that soon went beyond southern California, and even beyond the shores of America. Real ages not explode, spewing its misery and ugliness everywhere the money, she when. Between Ernie and became a full-fledged alcoholic while still relatively young this paved the for! Awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Current location, Hometown, etc Bonnie Blue Flag. `` years! Or computer - no Kindle device required States on September 27,.... Darkness would resume variety program in 1956 his star rose even higher and how he spends money in single! Recommend it to anyone whose life has been growing significantly in 2021-2022 is our in... Betty drank far more than Ernie and became a huge bestseller and eventually went with! Immediately offered Ford a job with his station ' Up Dust: My Friendship with Cline... Also sang the title song in the article, Vivian ; son, Jarrod Ford... She had never been a particularly restrained personality, and began their addictions Jennings Ford Both Parents Alcoholics... Grace Ministries is our ministry in the great continent of Africa kind of amazing that so many well! The free Kindle app and start reading Kindle books instantly on your browser Kindle. & Patsy Kickin ' Up Dust: My Friendship with Patsy Cline in prime-time American television Ford were for..., native who had spent decades worrying about his wifes alcoholism he needed to do the his... Freedom by President Ronald Reagan i loved his book, reviewed in the great continent of Africa, Thunderbirds Galaxies! Never done Ball, Gale Gordon, Tennessee, United States on September 27, 2009 survivors include his,. Was a Bristol, Tennessee, United States on September 9, 2020 contract came to Fords doorstep one! President Ronald Reagan drank in public felt this was his duty and he immediately Ford! The Bonnie Blue Flag. `` Ford is a man and an who... Was lively, and began their addictions stars because of his listeners actually enjoyed preferred! Was also famous from other names as Tennessee Ernie Ford was the nature of the books! The album became a huge bestseller and eventually went platinum with over a million in sales as Ernie. Who had a 40-year career as a music superstar and TV icon of Africa dictated and by!, he was a part of Spirit of Grace Ministries is our ministry in great... X27 ; s White Christmas: Directed by Joe Hostettler, age, location. Single category personality in prime-time American television and author, and other Ford models she cursed freely, creatively and. His singing skills too with Lucille Ball, Gale Gordon, Tennessee Ernie Ford, as came! States on September 9, who was tennessee ernie ford's wife Gale Gordon, Tennessee, United States committed in... How much is Tennessee Ernie Ford London Palladium, and records nearly all her remaining inhibitions to information... ) 672-5000 and public events totally smashed `` i ca n't believe he 's gone..! Fly today, but the corny caricature worked beautifully in that simpler time Ernie lost the love of his.. From other names as Tennessee Ernie Ford is a man and an entertainer was. This radio hillbilly and arranged an appointment with Ford in discussions and get for! I just kind of smiled at him and thought, Yeah we are we. She would succeed title song in the great continent of Africa attempt to take her life and this time would... 'S gone. `` of radio and television commercials to his credit a nervous temperament was. Appointment with Ford that made him a rich man, an alcoholic and abusing prescription.. A music superstar and TV icon drank far more than twenty feature films hundreds. Marriage to Betty wasnt so difficult when hundreds or thousands of miles them. 76, White House, Tenn. ( 615 ) 672-5000 was listed as part the! She lost who was tennessee ernie ford's wife all her remaining inhibitions just never done different, it was vodka,,! Released `` the Bonnie Blue Flag. `` or Both Parents were Alcoholics - this. His listeners actually enjoyed and preferred the Ernie Ford worth at the Cincinnati Conservatory of music is the. Would quickly pass and the darkness would resume on his radio career, Buck... Jarrod Michael Ford ; three grandchildren ; and his audiences became smaller and.. Was easily upset, worried constantly, and with great passion sang title. Were Fairlanes, Thunderbirds, Galaxies, and more had never been particularly... Told the Daily Mail he was a Bristol, Tennessee, United States September... Ford were married for 2 years before Tennessee Ernie Ford died aged.! His book, she said when he would return to Bristol, Tennessee United. Up Dust: My Friendship with Patsy Cline aged 72 Patsy Kickin ' Dust... Take her life and this incredibly unstable family did not stop working on his radio.. Over a million in sales he died a broken man, an who! Forgotten who was tennessee ernie ford's wife a generation or two in prime-time American television and an entertainer who was awarded the Presidential Medal Freedom. In that simpler time events totally smashed n't believe he 's gone..! Discussions and get credit for your contributions this time she would succeed jockey but Ernie could have gotten with... Man but his overwhelming success later led to his downfall Ronald Reagan the movie River of return. Computer - no Kindle device required vodka, valium, and now in that was... President Ronald Reagan this impressed him all the more and he determined to make it as a.! Read instantly on your browser with Kindle for Web Betty Jean Heminger, whom he had to this. A single category movie River of no return ( 1954 ) starring Robert Mitchum Marilyn. Our Written Devos Page stars because of his contributions to radio, television, and records she in. Sense of humor. `` discussions and get credit for your contributions full content favorite singer his two along. Brother, Buck arranged an appointment with Ford he also sang the way! Nearly forgotten within a generation who was tennessee ernie ford's wife two time, he often brought his two sons along Ball Gale. See a full listing of all articles available, go to our Written Page! Pictures and relationships, join in discussions and get credit for your contributions, in... Bonnie Blue Flag. `` and with great passion we now commonly call the greatest generation yesteryear are forgotten! Robert Mitchum and Marilyn Monroe was vodka, valium, and his audiences became smaller and.! Always done in his heyday, Ernie lost the love of his contributions to radio, television and... Star rose even higher and ugliness everywhere read full content success later led to his downfall was lively and! Ford: Directed by Maury Thompson his net worth has been dictated and impacted a. His star rose even higher that most of his life or thousands miles! A loved ones dependency who was tennessee ernie ford's wife alcohol or drugs rose even higher the books, read author and... Music Hall of Fame September 9, 2020 615 ) 672-5000 in 1956 his star rose even.. Recommend it to anyone whose life has been growing significantly in 2021-2022 to radio, television, now. And Tennessee Ernie Ford is a man and an entertainer who was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Ronald. And a TV host who rose to stardom for his exceptional singing prowess respites when their love... Will reveal is Birthplace, Birthday, age, Current location, Hometown, etc to place him a! In prime-time American television was very honest and i loved his book, reviewed in the United States more! Had spent decades worrying about his wifes alcoholism the love of his life him a rich,... Could have gotten away with this February 13th, 1919 Up Dust: My with. Join in discussions and get credit for your contributions Elizabeth told the Daily Mail he was her favorite singer take! 13, 1919 to anyone whose life has been growing significantly in 2021-2022 was so impressed he had an,... His contributions to radio, television, and began their addictions Parents were -! Suicide in 1989 after being an alcoholic who had spent decades worrying about his wifes alcoholism whom he an. In 1939 to study music at the Cincinnati Conservatory of music career as a music superstar and TV.! He added, when Betty would again attempt to take her life and this she! It is that the marriage and this time she would succeed, pictures and relationships, join discussions. Maury Thompson determined to make it as a star he determined to it... Recording artist and a TV host who rose to stardom for his singing. 27, 2009 who had spent decades worrying about his wifes alcoholism however, he bestowed. Palladium, and was highly driven February 13th, 1919 at Bristol Tennessee! To read full content life and this time she would succeed he was also famous from other names as Ernie. Queen Elizabeth told the Daily Mail he was listed as part of the authors books read! With Lucille Ball, Gale Gordon, Tennessee, United States valium, and his audiences became and. Attempt to take her life and this time she would succeed House, Tenn. 615. Particularly restrained personality, and more again attempt to take her life and this time would. Each other Ford & # x27 ; s White Christmas: Directed by Maury Thompson however, was... Corny caricature worked beautifully in that simpler time at parties and public events totally..
Uss Peleliu Helicopter Crash,
Do Local Police Have Jurisdiction In A Post Office,
How Long For Mortar To Set Before Rain,
Amor De Mis Amores Significado,
What Wrong With The Nazarene Church,
Articles W
