SEER indicates the relative amount of energy needed to provide a specific cooling output. )percent of population: 91% (2020 est. Federalism in the United States is the constitutional division of power between U.S. state governments and the federal government of the United States. ), total: 23% (2020 est. Conversely, a federal district court hearing a matter involving only a question of state law (usually through diversity jurisdiction) must apply the substantive law of the state in which the court sits, a result of the application of the Erie Doctrine; however, at the same time, the case is heard under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure and the Federal Rules of Evidence instead of state procedural rules (that is, the application of the Erie Doctrine only extends to a requirement that a federal court asserting diversity jurisdiction apply substantive state law, but not procedural state law, which may be different). Certain cities have consolidated with their county government to form consolidated city-counties, or have been legally separated from counties altogether to form independent cities. ), improved: urban: 99.9% of populationrural: 99.7% of populationtotal: 99.9% of populationunimproved: urban: 0.1% of populationrural: 0.3% of populationtotal: 0.1% of population (2020 est. A central government is the government that is a controlling power over a unitary state. )proven reserves: 228.662 billion metric tons (2019 est. The Supreme Courts of each state are by this doctrine the final authority on the interpretation of the applicable state's laws and Constitution. Direct elections were mostly held only for the U.S. House of Representatives and state legislatures, although what specific bodies were elected by the electorate varied from state to state. To help stabilize financial markets, the US Congress established a $700 billion Troubled Asset Relief Program in October 2008. )industry: 19.1% (2017 est. Crude oil prices doubled between 2001 and 2006, the year home prices peaked; higher gasoline prices ate into consumers' budgets and many individuals fell behind in their mortgage payments. Georgia and the US Constitution Just ten years after the Articles of Confederation was drawn up in 1777, representatives met in Philadelphia to write a new Constitution. The United States Courts of Appeals are appellate courts that hear appeals of cases decided by the district courts, and some direct appeals from administrative agencies, and some interlocutory appeals. The Constitution stipulates only that each state must have, "a Republican Government". A brief treatment of the unitary state follows. ), 0.7634 (2013 est. ), 0.738 (2016 est. ), note 1: The Library of Congress, Washington DC, USA, claims to be the largest library in the world with more than 167 million items (as of 2018); its collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include materials from all parts of the world and in over 450 languages; collections include: books, newspapers, magazines, sheet music, sound and video recordings, photographic images, artwork, architectural drawings, and copyright datanote 2: Cape Canaveral, Florida, USA, hosts one of four dedicated ground antennas that assist in the operation of the Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation system (the others are on Ascension (Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tistan da Cunha), Diego Garcia (British Indian Ocean Territory), and at Kwajalein (Marshall Islands), number of registered air carriers: 99 (2020)inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 7,249annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 889.022 million (2018)annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 42,985,300,000 (2018) mt-km, total: 5,054over 3,047 m: 1892,438 to 3,047 m: 2351,524 to 2,437 m: 1,478914 to 1,523 m: 2,249under 914 m: 903 (2021), total: 8,459over 3,047 m: 12,438 to 3,047 m: 61,524 to 2,437 m: 140914 to 1,523 m: 1,552under 914 m: 6,760 (2021), 1,984,321 km natural gas, 240,711 km petroleum products (2013), total: 293,564.2 km (2014)standard gauge: 293,564.2 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge, total: 6,586,610 km (2012)paved: 4,304,715 km (2012) (includes 76,334 km of expressways)unpaved: 2,281,895 km (2012), 41,009 km (2012) (19,312 km used for commerce; Saint Lawrence Seaway of 3,769 km, including the Saint Lawrence River of 3,058 km, is shared with Canada), total: 3,627by type: bulk carrier 4, container ship 60, general cargo 103, oil tanker 69, other 3,391 (2021), major seaport(s): Atlantic Ocean: Charleston, Hampton Roads, New York/New Jersey, SavannahPacific Ocean: Long Beach, Los Angeles, Oakland, Seattle/TacomaGulf of Mexico: Houstonoil terminal(s): LOOP terminal, Haymark terminalcontainer port(s) (TEUs): Charleston (2,436,185), Hampton Roads (2,937,962), Houston (2,987,291), Long Beach (7,632,032), Los Angeles (9,337,632), New York/New Jersey (7,471,131), Oakland (2,500,431), Savannah (4,599,177), Seattle/Tacoma (3,775,303) (2019)LNG terminal(s) (export): Calcasieu Pass (LA), Cameron (LA), Corpus Christi (TX), Cove Point (MD), Elba Island (GA), Freeport (TX), Sabine Pass (LA)note - two additional export facilities are under construction and expected to begin commercial operations in 2023-2024LNG terminal(s) (import): Cove Point (MD), Elba Island (GA), Everett (MA), Freeport (TX), Golden Pass (TX), Hackberry (LA), Lake Charles (LA), Neptune (offshore), Northeast Gateway (offshore), Pascagoula (MS), Sabine Pass (TX)river port(s): Baton Rouge, Plaquemines, New Orleans (Mississippi River)cargo ports: Baton Rouge, Corpus Christi, Hampton Roads, Houston, Long Beach, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, Plaquemines (LA), Tampa, Texas Citycruise departure ports (passengers): Miami, Port Everglades, Port Canaveral, Seattle, Long Beach, the US operates one PC 1 or 2 class heavy icebreaker, two PC 3 or 4 class medium icebreakers, and two PC 5 or 6 class light icebreakers; the heavy and medium icebreakers carry out various polar missions including opening passage for the annual resupply of McMurdo Station in Antarcticanote - PC indicates a Polar Class vessel: PC 1 - year-round operation in all polar waters (ice thickness >3 m); PC 2 - year-round operation in moderate multi-year ice conditions (ice thickness up to 3 m); PC 3 - year-round operation in second-year ice which may include multi-year ice inclusions (ice thickness up to 2.5 m); PC 4 - year-round operation in thick first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions (ice thickness up to 120 cm); PC 5 - year-round operation in medium first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions (ice thickness up to 70-120 cm); PC 6 - summer/autumn operation in medium first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions (ice thickness up to 30-70 cm), United States Armed Forces (aka US Military): US Army (USA), US Navy (USN; includes US Marine Corps or USMC), US Air Force (USAF), US Space Force (USSF); US Coast Guard (USCG); National Guard (Army National Guard and Air National Guard) (2022)note 1: the US Coast Guard is administered in peacetime by the Department of Homeland Security, but in wartime reports to the Department of the Navynote 2:the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard are reserve components of their services and operate in part under state authority; the US military also maintains reserve forces for each branch (US Army Reserve, US Navy Reserve, US Air Force Reserve, and US Coast Guard Reserve), 3.5% of GDP (2022 est. the government's central . Many state constitution provisions are equal in breadth to those of the U.S. Constitution, but are considered "parallel" (thus, where, for example, the right to privacy pursuant to a state constitution is broader than the federal right to privacy, and the asserted ground is explicitly held to be "independent", the question can be finally decided in a State Supreme Courtthe U.S. Supreme Court will decline to take jurisdiction). Housing Get information and services to help with finding and keeping a home. )1 (2017 est. The powers, roles, and limitations of the three branches are highlighted in the US constitution. . There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve. )1.81% (2019 est.). [9][14] Under the Reception Clause, the president is empowered to "receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers"; the president has broad authority to conduct foreign relations, is generally considered to have the sole power of diplomatic recognition,[9][15] and is the United States' chief diplomat,[15] although the Congress also has an important role in legislating on foreign affairs,[9][15] and can, for example, "institute a trade embargo, declare war upon a foreign government that the President had recognized, or decline to appropriate funds for an embassy in that country. By Luc Cohen NEW YORK (Reuters) - A lawyer for Juan Orlando Hernandez, the former Honduran president who is facing U.S. drugs and weapons charges, on Tuesday accused the Central American country's . In that capacity, the vice president has the authority (ex officio, for they are not an elected member of the Senate) to cast a tie-breaking vote. [20], The president has informal powers beyond their formal powers. note: data are in current year dollars$2.159 trillion (2020 est.) [19] The presidential clemency power extends only to federal crimes, and not to state crimes. )proven reserves: 13,178,780,000,000 cubic meters (2020 est. The heads of the 15 departments, chosen by the president and approved with the "advice and consent" of the U.S. Senate, form a council of advisers generally known as the president's "Cabinet". Because the US economy is energy-intensive, falling oil prices since 2013 have alleviated many of the problems the earlier increases had created. Members of the House and Senate are elected by first-past-the-post voting in every state except Louisiana and Georgia, which have runoffs, and Maine and Alaska, which use ranked-choice voting. The US has the most technologically powerful economy in the world, with a per capita GDP of $59,500. )note: a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the US Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mean persons of Spanish/Hispanic/Latino origin including those of Mexican, Cuban, Puerto Rican, Dominican Republic, Spanish, and Central or South American origin living in the US who may be of any race or ethnic group (White, Black, Asian, etc. Since the end of World War II, the economy has achieved relatively steady growth, low unemployment and inflation, and rapid advances in technology. Below the U.S. Supreme Court are the United States Courts of Appeals, and below them in turn are the United States District Courts, which are the general trial courts for federal law, and for certain controversies between litigants who are not deemed citizens of the same state ("diversity jurisdiction"). Abstract The issue of centralized versus decentralized police organization may be the most important police decision facing the nations of the world. In 1776, the Continental Congress created a committee to draft such a document. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, in which power is shared between the national government and state governments. These municipal entities also vary from state to state, and typically subordinate to the government of a county or civil township. The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) during World War II gave rise to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which was officially established in 1947. For the textbook, see, "Government of the United States" redirects here. The only branch of the central government was a single-chamber Congress, where each state had one vote. 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